The universe seems to be fine-tuned for life. Were nature’s constants even slightly different, life wouldn’t exist. To explain this, scientists reach for bizarre ideas, like an infinite multiverse. But physicist and technologist Jeff Shainline thinks we’ve been missing a crucial clue. The universe isn’t just fine-tuned for life, but also for the creation of technology – humanity itself is just one step in this longer evolutionary process. He uses this observation to build a new case for an overlooked explanation of fine-tuning: Lee Smolin’s proposal that universes reproduce through black holes and, like organisms, evolve across cosmic generations towards fecundity. Life and technology, Shainline argues, are not the point of the universe, but parts of its reproductive strategy.

A deep puzzle has loomed over physics since the 1950s. The world we observe—from sub-atomic quarks to lightyear-spanning galaxies—has the properties it does because a short list of numbers takes certain values. These numbers are often referred to as constants of nature (I will refer to them as parameters), and they include quantities like the speed of light, the masses of fundamental particles, and the strengths of the fundamental forces. The puzzle arises because these numbers have very special values that allow life to exist. This is called fine-tuning. As an example, life depends on carbon, and carbon is made in stars. But the specific process by which carbon is made in stars is extraordinary, relying on a very peculiar coincidence of properties involving electromagnetism, gravity, and the strong nuclear force that causes alpha particles to fuse into carbon nuclei.