In green are VTA neurons receiving inputs from the lateral habenula, in red are VTA neurons projecting back to the lateral habenula, and in blue are dopaminergic (TH+) VTA neurons. Approximately 25% of VTA neurons exhibit both presynaptic and postsynaptic connectivity with the lateral habenula. Lateral habenula neurons projecting to the VTA encode unpleasant signals that are necessary for learning to avoid or respond to threats.

🔗 Use the link in our bio to see the article by Marina R. Ihidoype et al. in the July 8, 2026, issue of #JNeurosci for more information. ㅤ 📸 Cover image: Marina Ihidoype.