The effects of extreme space weather may be larger than previously thought, research in the journal Nature reveals. The paper, titled “Regression to the mean can explain saturation of geomagnetic storms,” is led by Dr. Nithin Sivadas of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and co-authored by Dr. Maria Walach from Lancaster University.

Space weather—caused by fluctuating electric fields in Earth’s magnetic field and upper atmosphere—can affect technologies on and around Earth in several ways. Extreme geomagnetic storms are among the less frequent but more severe forms of space weather.

Extreme geomagnetic storms are temporary disturbances in the plasma and magnetic field around Earth that can disrupt global satellite communications, cause extensive power outages and affect how much radiation astronauts and pilots are exposed to.