A team of scientists in Shanghai has developed a lab-grown biological pacemaker designed to mimic the heart’s natural rhythm control system. By working with human pluripotent stem cells, which can transform into many different types of tissue, the researchers created a three-dimensional sinoatrial node organoid capable of generating electrical impulses, the South China Morning Post reported.

To make the system more lifelike, the team linked the organoid to an artificial cardiac plexus, a network of nerves located near the base of the heart that helps regulate heartbeat activity. The achievement allowed researchers to recreate how the nervous system communicates with the heart, opening potential new paths for studying irregular heart rhythms and developing future treatments that could reduce reliance on electronic pacemakers.

The research, published in the journal Cell Stem Cell involved scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Fudan University. The team focused on the sinoatrial node, the tiny part of the heart responsible for controlling its rhythm. Although it plays a critical role in keeping the heart beating properly, the structure has been difficult for scientists to study because of its small size and hard-to-reach location inside the heart.