Here, Carlos L. Arteaga & team analyze patient biopsies, finding CD8+ T cells in the TIME promote resistance to estrogen suppression in HR+ breast cancer via CXCL11 and immune-related pathways:

The images: GeoMx-based immunofluorescence of breast tumor tissue obtained during estrogen deprivation therapy (letrozole) demonstrates increased immune cell infiltration in estrogen deprivation–resistant tumors (right) compared with sensitive tumors (left).

¹UT Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

²Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

³Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.