Mathematica creator Stephen Wolfram has spent nearly 50 years arguing that simple computational rules underlie everything from animal patterns to the laws of physics. In his 2023 TED talk, he makes the case that computation isn’t just a useful way to model the world — it’s the fundamental operating system of reality itself.

Wolfram introduces “the ruliad,” an abstract concept encompassing all possible computational processes. Space and matter, he argues, consist of discrete elements governed by simple rules. Gravity and quantum mechanics emerge from the same computational framework. The laws of physics themselves are observer-dependent, arising from our limited perspective within an infinite computational structure.

On AI, Wolfram sees large language models as demonstrating deep connections between semantic grammar and computational thinking. The Wolfram Language, he claims, bridges human conceptualization and computational power, letting people operationalize ideas directly — what he calls a “superpower” for thinking and creation.