Fusion energy is released when two light nuclei combine to form a single heavier one (nuclear fusion reaction). Fusion energy-based power generation (fusion power plant) uses the energy generated when deuterium and tritium combine to form helium.
It may seem like the sun is stationary while the planets in its orbit are moving, but the sun is actually orbiting around the Milky Way galaxy at an impressive rate of about 220 kilometers per second—almost half a million miles per hour. As fast as that may seem, when a faint red star was discovered crossing the sky at a noticeably quick pace, scientists took notice.
This interview with Yip Thy Diep Ta, CEO of J3d.ai, delves into AI-driven collective intelligence for decision-making, ethical considerations in AI development (fairness, bias mitigation, diversity), the implications of human-machine integration technologies (e.g., Neuralink), and the evolving role of humans in an AI-driven workforce.
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Only about consciousness can we be 100 percent sure. That consciousness exists almost everyone agrees. What consciousness means—that’s where arguments and disputations arise. Must consciousness have ‘meaning’? Or can consciousness be a random accident, selected by evolution, the ‘foam on the waves’ of brain activity. But consciousness seems so radically vital.
Continue reading “Ned Block — What’s the Meaning of Consciousness?” »
Emergent phenomena: large-scale patterns and organization arise from innumerable interactions between component parts.
The behavior of a complex system might be considered emergent if it can’t be predicted from the properties of the parts alone.
The puzzle of emergence asks how regularities emerge on macro scales out of uncountable constituent parts. A new framework has researchers hopeful that a solution is near.
An exploration of various ways of looking at time and how General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics views it differently and the ultimately question, what exactly is time?
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Astronomers, with the help of the Hubble telescope, have now detected a rare intermediate-size black hole.
This black hole is hiding the Earth’s cosmic backyard at a distance of 6,000 light-years away within a globular star cluster.
The iconic Hubble Space Telescope has been used by astronomers to observe a compact region of space which has a mass of 800 Suns and is likely to be a black hole.
“Many primary atmospheres of those planets will probably be dominated by hydrocarbon compounds and not so much by oxygen-rich gases such as water and carbon dioxide,” said Dr. Thomas Henning.
Can rocky planets form around stars smaller than our Sun, also called low-mass stars? This is what a recent study published in Science hopes to address as a team of international researchers investigated the chemical properties of an exoplanetary system orbiting the star, ISO-Chal 147, which is located approximately 600 light-years from Earth and whose star has a mass of 11 percent of our Sun with age estimates between 1 to 2 million years old. For context, our Sun is approximately 4.5 billion years old. This study holds the potential to help astronomers better understand the formation and evolution of young exoplanetary systems and their potential to host rocky planets.
For the study, the researchers used the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on the NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to identify carbon-bearing molecules at temperatures of approximately 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) within the protoplanetary disk forming around the young star. However, the team also found these molecules did not possess compounds containing oxygen, meaning the system might not have water or carbon dioxide, which are typically found in systems surrounding stars like our Sun.
Continue reading “Implications for Rocky Planet Formation Around Low-Mass Stars” »
The Higgs boson has an extremely short lifespan, living for about 10–22 seconds before quickly decaying into other particles. For comparison, in that brief time, light can only travel about the width of a small atomic nucleus. Scientists study the Higgs boson by detecting its decay products in particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. But what if the Higgs boson could also decay into unexpected new particles that are long-lived? What if these particles can travel a few centimeters through the detector before they decay? These long-lived particles (LLPs) could shed light on some of the universe’s biggest mysteries, such as the reason matter prevailed over antimatter in the early universe and the nature of dark matter. Searching for LLPs is extremely challenging because they rarely interact with matter, making them difficult to observe in a particle detector. However, their unusual signatures provide exciting prospects for discovery. Unlike particles that leave a continuous track, LLPs result in noticeable displacements between their production and decay points within the detector. Identifying such a signature requires dedicated algorithms. In a new study submitted to Physical Review Letters, ATLAS scientists used a new algorithm to search for LLPs produced in the decay of Higgs bosons. Boosting sensitivity with a new algorithm Figure 1: A comparison of the radial distributions of reconstructed displaced vertices in a simulated long-lived particle (LLP) sample using the legacy and new (updated) track reconstruction configurations. The circular markers represent reconstructed vertices that are matched to LLP decay vertices and the dashed lines represent reconstructed vertices from background decay vertices (non-LLP). (Image: ATLAS Collaboration/CERN) Despite being critical to the LLP searches, dedicated reconstruction algorithms were previously so resource intensive that they could only be applied to less than 10% of all recorded ATLAS data. Recently, however, ATLAS scientists implemented a new “Large-Radius Tracking” algorithm (LRT), which significantly speeds up the reconstruction of charged particle trajectories in the ATLAS Inner Detector that do not point back to the primary proton-proton collision point, while drastically reducing backgrounds and random combinations of detector signals. The LRT algorithm is executed after the primary tracking iteration using exclusively the detector hits (energy deposits from charged particles recorded in individual detector elements) not already assigned to primary tracks. As a result, ATLAS saw an enormous increase in the efficiency of identifying LLP decays (see Figure 1). The new algorithm also improved CPU processing time more than tenfold compared to the legacy implementation, and the disk space usage per event was reduced by more than a factor of 50. These improvements enabled physicists to fully integrate the LRT algorithm into the standard ATLAS event reconstruction chain. Now, every recorded collision event can be scrutinized for the presence of new LLPs, greatly enhancing the discovery potential of such signatures. Physicists are searching for Higgs bosons decaying into new long-lived particles, which may leave a ‘displaced’ signature in the ATLAS detector. Exploring the dark with the Higgs boson Figure 2: Observed 95% confidence-limit on the decay of the Higgs boson to a pair of long-lived s particles that decay back to Standard-Model particles shown as a function of the mean proper decay length ( of the long-lived particle. The observed limits for the Higgs Portal model from the previous ATLAS search are shown with the dotted lines. (Image: ATLAS Collaboration/CERN) In their new result, ATLAS scientists employed the LRT algorithm to search for LLPs that decay hadronically, leaving a distinct signature of one or more hadronic “jets” of particles originating at a significantly displaced position from the proton–proton collision point (a displaced vertex). Physicists also focused on the Higgs “portal” model, in which the Higgs boson mediates interactions with dark-matter particles through its coupling to a neutral boson s, resulting in exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of long-lived s particles that decay into Standard-Model particles. The ATLAS team studied collision events with unique characteristics consistent with the production of the Higgs boson. The background processes that mimic the LLP signature are complex and challenging to model. To achieve good discrimination between signal and background processes, ATLAS physicists used a machine learning algorithm trained to isolate events with jets arising from LLP decays. Complementary to this, a dedicated displaced vertex reconstruction algorithm was used to pinpoint the origin of hadronic jets originating from the decay of LLPs. This new search did not uncover any events featuring Higgs-boson decays to LLPs. It improves bounds on Higgs-boson decays to LLPs by a factor of 10 to 40 times compared to the previous search using the exact same dataset (see Figure 2)! For the first time at the LHC, bounds on exotic decays of the Higgs boson for low LLP masses (less than 16 GeV) have surpassed results for direct searches of exotic Higgs-boson decays to undetected states. About the event display: A 13 TeV collision event recorded by the ATLAS experiment containing two displaced decay vertices (blue circles) significantly displaced from the beam line showing “prompt” non displaced decay vertices (pink circles). The event characteristics are compatible with what would be expected if a Higgs boson is produced in association with a Z boson (decaying to two electrons indicated by green towers), and decayed into two LLPs (decaying into two b-quarks each). Tracks shown in yellow and jets are indicated by cones. The green and yellow blocks correspond to energy deposition in the electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, respectively. (Image: ATLAS Collaboration/CERN) Learn more Search for light long-lived particles in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV using displaced vertices in the ATLAS inner detector (Submitted to PRL, arXiv:2403.15332, see figures) Performance of the reconstruction of large impact parameter tracks in the inner detector of ATLAS (Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) 1,081, arXiv:2304.12867, see figures) Search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson into long-lived particles in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV using displaced vertices in the ATLAS inner detector (JHEP 11 (2021) 229, arXiv:2107.06092, see figures)
A team of physicists from several institutions across the U.S. working with a colleague from China, at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, in San Diego, California, has devised a way to overcome two key hurdles standing in the way of using fusion as a general power source.
