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How the brain links unrelated events: New insights into the amygdala’s role in decision-making

Our brain makes decisions based on direct associations between stimuli in our environment, but it often also does so based on events that initially appear unrelated. How does it achieve this? A recent study by the Cellular Mechanisms in Physiological and Pathological Behavior Research Group at the Hospital del Mar Research Institute, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, offers new insights into this process and identifies the brain areas involved.

Using observations in , led primarily by first author and Ph.D. student José Antonio González Parra and supervised by Dr. Arnau Busquets, the research team was able to determine the mechanisms involved in how the brain makes decisions based on indirect associations between different . That is, instead of directly associating a specific stimulus with a rewarding or aversive situation, the brain establishes connections between two or more stimuli.

Dr. Busquets explains, “The project aims to understand how the brain enables us to make decisions based on indirect relationships between stimuli in our environment.”

Injury to specific brain connections could explain some people’s criminal behavior, study finds

Over the past decades, some lawyers have started using brain imaging scans as evidence during criminal trials, to provide a possible explanation for the criminal behavior of defendants. This was justified by recent neuroscientific studies, which found that some people who commit crimes present differences in specific parts of the brain. Yet a key question remains: are these brain changes causal, compensatory or incidental to the behavior?

To answer this question, researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and other institutes in the U.S. analyzed the locations of brain injury temporally associated with a new onset of criminality.

They found evidence suggesting that lesions to a specific white matter tract could be causally implicated in the behavior of individuals who start committing crimes after injury.

SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Serious Liver Events in Patients With Cirrhosis

This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from TriNetX, a multi-institutional health research network. Using the TriNetX platform, we accessed deidentified electronic health records from over 212 million patients across 120 major health care organizations.9 The built-in analytic functions of TriNetX enable patient-level analyses while ensuring that only population-level data are reported.

This study was approved by WCG Clinical, which granted a waiver to TriNetX as a federated network and was deemed exempt from informed consent owing to the use of existing, non–human participant data that were deidentified per the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act privacy rule. The study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline.

We included patients with cirrhosis (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision [ICD-10] codes K74.6 and K74.69), who were taking furosemide (RxNorm [National Library of Medicine] code 4603) and spironolactone (RxNorm code 9997) between January 2013 and July 2021. For patients receiving an SGLT-2 inhibitor (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code A10BK), the index event was defined as the date on which they were concurrently prescribed spironolactone, furosemide, and an SGLT-2 inhibitor. For the control group, the index event was the date on which they were prescribed concurrent spironolactone and furosemide but not an SGLT-2 inhibitor. Each patient was followed up for 3 years from the index event, with follow-up ending on July 11, 2024.

Volcano Alert: Experts Predict Eruptions in France Imminent!

Though the last volcanic eruption in Puy-de-Dôme dates back to ancient times, there could be new occurrences in the future within the Central Massif. It is indeed true that a layer of lava lies beneath the region and is expected to eventually resurface.

In France, Puy de Dôme is not only known as a department but primarily as a volcano approximately 11,000 years old, with its last eruption occurring in 5,760 BC. Since then, no lava has flowed within France. However, this might not be a permanent situation, according to Guillaume Boudoire, a volcanologist at the Laboratory of Magmas and Volcanoes at Clermont Auvergne University. Interviewed by the Journal Du Net in an article published in April 2025, Boudoire spoke about a very likely “volcanic reactivation” in the Central Massif.

While the expert is certain of this reactivation, it’s crucial to note that forecasting future eruptions is extremely challenging. However, volcanic activity tends to follow cycles, alternating between active and dormant phases. The activity in the Central Massif is not extinguished but merely slumbering, having been dormant for 7,000 years.

Precursors to bone marrow cancer can stop themselves by entering dormant state

Why do some patients with precursors to bone marrow cancer never develop the disease? Researchers from the Department of Forensic Medicine at Aarhus University have discovered that some cells enter a dormant state and create a defense against cancer—a breakthrough that could lead to early treatment.

In a new study published in the journal Leukemia, researchers investigated multiple myeloma, a serious marrow that arises in .

Before the disease emerges, patients always have a precursor condition, either MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) or SMM (smoldering multiple myeloma). These conditions are not cancer themselves but are associated with an increased risk of developing bone marrow cancer—approximately 1% and 10% increased risk per year, respectively.

Intestinal bacterium allows microbiome-mediated protection against pathogens

The totality of bacteria, viruses and fungi that exist in and on a multicellular organism forms its natural microbiome. The interactions between the body and these microorganisms significantly influence both, the functions and health of the host organism. Researchers assume that the microbiome plays an important role in the defense against pathogens, among other things.

A potential replacement for bone marrow sampling: New blood test may detect leukemia risk

What if a blood test could reveal the pace of our aging—and the diseases that may lie ahead? The labs of Profs. Liran Shlush and Amos Tanay at the Weizmann Institute of Science have been conducting in-depth studies into the biology of blood to better understand the aging process and why some people become more susceptible to disease over the years.

Their research teams, made up of physicians, biologists and , have been tracking changes in the , including the emergence of genetic changes in these cells in about one-third of people over the age of 40. These changes not only increase the risk of blood cancers such as leukemia, but have also been linked to heart disease, diabetes and other age-related conditions.

In a new study published today in Nature Medicine, Shlush and Tanay present findings that may lead to an innovative for detecting a person’s risk of developing leukemia. This test may potentially replace the invasive diagnostic procedure of bone marrow sampling.