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Sep 29, 2024

Nonlinear optical metasurface achieves electrically tunable third-harmonic generation

Posted by in category: biotech/medical

A recent study has unveiled a transformative nonlinear optical metasurface technology. This new technology, characterized by structures smaller than the wavelength of light, paves the way for significant advancements in next-generation communication technologies, including quantum light sources and medical diagnostic devices.

Sep 29, 2024

From branches to loops: The physics of transport networks in nature

Posted by in category: physics

An international team of researchers described how loops, crucial for the stability of such networks, occur in transport networks found in nature. The researchers observed that when one branch of the network reaches the system’s boundary, the interactions between the branches change drastically. Previously repelling branches begin to attract each other, leading to the sudden formation of loops.

Sep 29, 2024

Smashing heavy ions together could produce the world’s strongest electric fields

Posted by in category: physics

Lab experiments around the globe that are gearing up to recreate the mysterious phase of matter found in the early universe could also produce the world’s strongest electromagnetic fields, according to a theoretical analysis by a RIKEN physicist and two colleagues. This unanticipated bonus could enable physicists to investigate entirely new phenomena.

Sep 29, 2024

Exploiting quantum squeezing to enhance precision of measurements in systems with multiple factors

Posted by in categories: innovation, quantum physics

“The research aims to better understand how quantum squeezing can be used in more complicated measurement situations involving the estimation of multiple phases,” said Le. “By figuring out how to achieve the highest level of precision, we can pave the way for new technological breakthroughs in quantum sensing and imaging.”

The study looked at a situation where a three-dimensional magnetic field interacts with an ensemble of identical two-level quantum systems. In ideal cases, the precision of the measurements can be as accurate as theoretically possible. However, earlier research has struggled to explain how this works, especially in real-world situations where only one direction achieves full quantum entanglement.

This research will have broad implications. By making quantum measurements more precise for multiple phases, it could significantly advance various technologies. For example, quantum imaging could produce sharper images, quantum radar could detect objects more accurately, and could become even more precise, improving GPS and other time-sensitive technologies.

Sep 29, 2024

Discovering quasiparticles ejected from color centers in diamond crystals

Posted by in category: futurism

A research group led by University of Tsukuba has observed the cooperative behavior of polaron quasiparticles formed by the collective interaction of electrons and lattice vibrations around color centers in diamond crystals.

Sep 29, 2024

Inverse-design method enhances performance and reliability of on-chip spectrometers

Posted by in categories: computing, innovation

In a study published in Engineering, researchers from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Zhejiang University have unveiled a pioneering approach to designing on-chip computational spectrometers, heralding a new era of high-performance and reliable integrated spectrometers. This innovative inverse-design methodology offers a dramatic leap forward in spectrometer technology, addressing longstanding challenges in performance and reproducibility.

Sep 29, 2024

The Atlantic Ocean’s currents are on the verge of collapse. This is what it means for the planet

Posted by in category: futurism

Scientists are worried that the Atlantic Ocean’s system of currents may be about to pass a tipping point. And if it does, it’ll have severe consequences for all of us.

Sep 29, 2024

CRISPR CREME: An AI Treat to Enable Virtual Genomic Experiments

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, genetics, information science, robotics/AI

Koo and his team tested CREME on another AI-powered DNN genome analysis tool called Enformer. They wanted to know how Enformer’s algorithm makes predictions about the genome. Koo says questions like that are central to his work.

“We have these big, powerful models,” Koo said. “They’re quite compelling at taking DNA sequences and predicting gene expression. But we don’t really have any good ways of trying to understand what these models are learning. Presumably, they’re making accurate predictions because they’ve learned a lot of the rules about gene regulation, but we don’t actually know what their predictions are based off of.”

With CREME, Koo’s team uncovered a series of genetic rules that Enformer learned while analyzing the genome. That insight may one day prove invaluable for drug discovery. The investigators stated, “CREME provides a powerful toolkit for translating the predictions of genomic DNNs into mechanistic insights of gene regulation … Applying CREME to Enformer, a state-of-the-art DNN, we identify cis-regulatory elements that enhance or silence gene expression and characterize their complex interactions.” Koo added, “Understanding the rules of gene regulation gives you more options for tuning gene expression levels in precise and predictable ways.”

Sep 29, 2024

Why we are finally within reach of a room-temperature superconductor

Posted by in categories: innovation, materials

A practical superconductor would transform the efficiency of electronics. After decades of hunting, several key breakthroughs are inching us very close to this coveted prize.

By Jon Cartwright

Sep 29, 2024

Mitochondrial DNA Evolution: New Study Reveals How Selfish mtDNA Evolve and Thrive

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, evolution, mathematics

Vanderbilt University researchers, led by alumnus Bryan Gitschlag, have uncovered groundbreaking insights into the evolution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In their paper in Nature Communications titled “Multiple distinct evolutionary mechanisms govern the dynamics of selfish mitochondrial genomes in Caenorhabditis elegans,” the team reveals how selfish mtDNA, which can reduce the fitness of its host, manages to persist within cells through aggressive competition or by avoiding traditional selection pressures. The study combines mathematical models and experiments to explain the coexistence of selfish and cooperative mtDNA within the cell, offering new insights into the complex evolutionary dynamics of these essential cellular components.

Gitschlag, an alumnus of Vanderbilt University, conducted the research while in the lab of Maulik Patel, assistant professor of biological sciences. He is now a postdoctoral researcher at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in David McCandlish’s lab. Gitschlag collaborated closely with fellow Patel Lab members, including James Held, a recent PhD graduate, and Claudia Pereira, a former staff member of the lab.

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