New method will help scientists study neural networks and neuroplastic changes underlying higher brain functions and disease processes in model animals.
NIH-supported study shows long-term benefits of surgery compared to medication and lifestyle change.
People with type 2 diabetes who underwent bariatric surgery achieved better long-term blood glucose control compared to people who received medical management plus lifestyle interventions, according to a new study supported by the National Institutes of Health. The participants who underwent bariatric surgery, also called metabolic or weight-loss surgery, were also more likely to stop needing diabetes medications and had higher rates of diabetes remission up to 12 years post-surgery. Results of the study were published in JAMA and funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of NIH.
“While there are many factors involved, and not all of them are completely understood, bariatric surgery typically results in greater weight loss that affects a person’s metabolic hormones, which improves the body’s response to insulin and ability to maintain healthy blood glucose levels,” said Dr. Jean Lawrence, NIDDK project scientist. “These results show that people with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes can make long-term improvements in their health and change the trajectory of their diabetes through surgery.”
James Webb Space Telescope has captured data on “winds” coming from a planet-forming disk around a young star.
Explore the fascinating process of planet formation and the role of the James Webb Space Telescope in capturing groundbreaking images.
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In a collaborative study, researchers from Kyushu University and Harvard Medical School have identified proteins that can turn or “reprogram” fibroblasts—the most commonly found cells in skin and connective tissue—into cells with similar properties to limb progenitor cells. Publishing in Developmental Cell, the researchers’ findings have enhanced our understanding of limb development and have set the stage for regenerative therapy in the future.
Globally, close to 60 million people are living with limb loss. Amputations can result from various medical conditions such as tumors, infections, and birth defects, or due to trauma from industrial accidents, traffic accidents, and natural disasters such as earthquakes. People with limb injuries often rely on synthetic materials and metal prostheses, but many researchers are studying the process of limb development, with the aim of bringing regenerative therapy, or natural tissue replacement, one step closer as a potential treatment.
“During limb development in the embryo, limb progenitor cells in the limb bud give rise to most of the different limb tissues, such as bone, muscle, cartilage and tendon. It’s therefore important to establish an easy and accessible way of making these cells,” explains Dr. Yuji Atsuta, lead researcher who began tackling this project at Harvard Medical School and continues it as a lecturer at Kyushu University’s Graduate School of Sciences.
Researchers find evidence that intestinal bacteria could be altering immune cells in lungs enabling them to fight respiratory virus infection.
K-Ras mutations are all too familiar as drivers of cancer. And until recently, they were considered all but undruggable. But ever since the arrival of sotorasib and adagrasib—two FDA-approved K-Ras-G12C inhibitors—K-Ras mutations have had the distinction of being somewhat druggable. Even better, K-Ras mutations may soon become yet more druggable. Scientists at the University of California, San Francisco, have found a way to target K-Ras-G12D mutations, which are especially prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
The scientists were led by Kevan Shokat, PhD, a professor in the department of cellular and molecular pharmacology. Back in 2013, Shokat and colleagues developed the first K-Ras-G12C inhibitors. And today, in Nature Chemical Biology, they present a paper (“Strain-release alkylation of Asp12 enables mutant selective targeting of K-Ras-G12D”) describing how they designed a candidate drug that could help make pancreatic cancer, which is almost always fatal, a treatable and perhaps even curable condition.
“[Covalent] inhibition of G12D, the most frequent K-Ras mutation particularly prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, has remained elusive due to the lack of aspartate-targeting chemistry,” the article’s authors wrote. “Here we present a set of malolactone-based electrophiles that exploit ring strain to crosslink K-Ras-G12D at the mutant aspartate to form stable covalent complexes.”
The ice-covered Jovian moon generates 1,000 tons of oxygen every 24 hours – enough to keep a million humans breathing for a day.
Scientists with NASA ’s Juno mission to Jupiter have calculated the rate of oxygen being produced at the Jovian moon Europa to be substantially less than most previous studies. Published on March 4 in Nature Astronomy, the findings were derived by measuring hydrogen outgassing from the icy moon’s surface using data collected by the spacecraft’s Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) instrument.
The paper’s authors estimate the amount of oxygen produced to be around 26 pounds every second (12 kilograms per second). Previous estimates range from a few pounds to over 2,000 pounds per second (over 1,000 kilograms per second). Scientists believe that some of the oxygen produced in this manner could work its way into the moon’s subsurface ocean as a possible source of metabolic energy.
An endoscopic mapping device, developed over the course of a decade by scientists at the Auckland Bioengineering Institute, consists of an inflatable sphere covered in sensors, delivered down the esophagus and able to measure electrical activity in the gut.
In the same way, abnormal heart electrical signals can cause serious heart problems, research has found faulty bioelectric gut waves can lead to stomach pain, nausea, vomiting and bloating.
But often doctors can’t find out what the problem is. That’s because gut electrics aren’t nearly as strong or as easily measured as heart waves; without surgery it’s hard to know if someone has a so-called ‘dysrhythmic’ gut—and if so, where the problem is.
As a therapy for vision impairment resulting from inherited retinal degeneration, the mRNA would instruct cells in the retina, which are impaired because of a genetic mutation, to manufacture the proteins needed for sight. Inherited retinal degeneration, commonly abbreviated to IRD, encompasses a group of disorders of varying severity and prevalence that affect one out of every few thousand people worldwide.
An example of a genetic pulmonary condition is cystic fibrosis, a progressive disorder that results in persistent lung infection and affects 30,000 people in the U.S., with about 1,000 new cases identified every year. One faulty gene—the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, or CFTR—causes the disease, which is characterized by lung dehydration and mucus buildup that blocks the airway.
The thiophene-based LNP study, which involved mice and non-human primates, stems from a $3.2 million grant from the National Eye Institute. The grant’s purpose is addressing limitations associated with the current primary means of delivery for gene editing: adeno-associated virus, or AAV.
