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Category: space – Page 43

Overlapping two 3D lattices with a relative twist opens the door to synthesizing crystals with diverse symmetries that showcase nontrivial band structures and novel properties.

When two identical periodic lattices overlap in space, with one twisted at an angle relative to the other, they form moiré lattices. The best-known examples are formed from stacked and rotated 2D sheets. These structures can possess fascinating properties not seen in their component layers. Twisted bilayer graphene, for example, can exhibit superconductor and Mott insulator behavior [1, 2]. Ce Wang of Tongji University in China and his colleagues now propose how to construct a 3D moiré lattice using two cubic optical lattices hosting ultracold atoms [3]. The researchers mathematically describe how two simple periodic structures, twisted relative to each other, can lead to 3D optical moiré patterns (Fig. 1). The result is a crystal-like structure with emergent properties that differ from those of the underlying simple lattices.

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How did life on Earth begin, and were the ingredients for life already on Earth or were they brought here from space? This is what a recent study published in Science Advances hopes to address as a team of researchers from Imperial College London and the University of Cambridge investigated how ancient meteorites could have deposited large amounts of zinc on Earth, resulting in the development of volatile elements to form the building blocks of life. This study holds the potential to help researchers better understand the conditions for life to have emerged on the Earth long ago, and potentially worlds throughout the solar system and beyond.

“One of the most fundamental questions on the origin of life is where the materials we need for life to evolve came from,” said Dr. Rayssa Martins, who is a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Cambridge and lead author of the study. “If we can understand how these materials came to be on Earth, it might give us clues to how life originated here, and how it might emerge elsewhere.”

For the study, the researchers analyzed zinc obtained from several meteorites to ascertain how the Earth got its zinc during its formation, which is estimated to have lasted tens of millions of years. In the end, the researchers estimate that while “melted” planetesimals contributed to approximately 70 percent of the Earth’s overall mass, they only contributed approximately 10 percent of the Earth’s zinc, which came from “unmelted” planetesimals. As noted, zinc contains volatile elements, which include oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon, or the essential building blocks of life as we know it. Along with helping researchers better understand how life formed and evolved on Earth, this could also lead to greater insight into how life might form and evolve on other worlds, as well.

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Dr. Jim Burch: “With these precise measurements, the composition of the gases will reveal the story of the interior and whether the conditions for life exist beneath the icy surface of Europa.”

Will we find the building blocks of life, and potentially signs of life, on Jupiter’s moon, Europa? This is what the nine instruments onboard the recently launched NASA Europa Clipper mission hopes to address, with two being developed by the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), the MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration (MASPEX) and Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS). These two instruments hold the potential to help researchers determine the habitability of Europa and whether the small moon could support life as we know it.

The goal of MASPEX is to investigate the molecules that leave Europa’s surface, which occur either from Jupiter’s intense radiation interacting with the surface or emanating from Europa’s subsurface ocean that lies beneath its icy crust. MASPEX will accomplish this by collecting gases and stripping the ions to determine the types and sizes of the molecules present in the gases. Through this, MASPEX will help scientists better understand the chemical composition of Europa’s atmosphere, icy surface, and subsurface ocean.

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This week, the October sky is treating us to a brilliant display that you won’t want to miss — the Hunter’s supermoon, a rare comet, and the Orionids meteor shower.

Comet C/2023 A3 Tsuchinshan-ATLAS is a rare comet making its journey past Earth, offering a unique opportunity to witness its tail of icy particles glistening against the dark canvas of space.

In addition, this week features the biggest supermoon of the year, Hunter’s supermoon, which will illuminate the night with a breathtaking orangish glow.

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The Hubble Space Telescopes latest image of Messier 90, a spiral galaxy in the Virgo constellation, showcases advanced technological capabilities compared to earlier photographs taken in 1994.

This new image reveals the galaxy’s bright core, dusty disc, and a gaseous halo, enhanced by the Wide Field Camera 3 installed in 2010.

The stunning spiral galaxy featured in this Hubble Space Telescope image is Messier 90 (M90, also NGC 4569), located in the constellation Virgo. In 2019, Hubble released an image of M90 (see below) using data from the older Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) — data taken in 1994 soon after the camera’s installation. That image has a distinctive stair-step pattern due to the layout of WFPC2’s sensors. In 2010, WFPC2 was replaced by the more advanced Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), and Hubble used WFC3 when it turned its aperture to Messier 90 again in 2019 and 2023. The resulting data was processed to create this stunning new image (above), providing a much fuller view of the galaxy’s dusty disc, its gaseous halo, and its bright core.

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MILAN — Vast Space unveiled the design of the space station it plans to propose to NASA in the next phase of the agency’s program to develop commercial successors to the International Space Station.

The company outlined its plans for the Haven-2 station in a release timed to the opening of the International Astronautical Congress here Oct. 14, describing how it will deploy the station in segments starting in the late 2020s.

Vast has to date focused on Haven-1, the single-module station it plans to launch in the second half of 2025 to be visited by up to four missions for short stays. However, the company has made clear its intent is to compete for the second phase of NASA’s Commercial Low Earth Orbit Destinations, or CLD, program as part of the agency’s ISS transition efforts.

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New research done at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory reveals potential signs of a rocky, volcanic moon orbiting an exoplanet 635 light-years from Earth. The biggest clue is a sodium cloud that the findings suggest is close to but slightly out of sync with the exoplanet, a Saturn-size gas giant named WASP-49 b, although additional research is needed to confirm the cloud’s behavior. Within our solar system, gas emissions from Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io create a similar phenomenon.

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