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Archive for the ‘neuroscience’ category: Page 328

Feb 11, 2023

Gordon Murray Shepherd (1933–2022) Neuroscience

Posted by in category: neuroscience

Nature Neuroscience volume 25, page 1,119 (2022) Cite this article.

Feb 11, 2023

Neuroscientist investigates social cognition in biased juries

Posted by in category: neuroscience

Bias in juries pose a serious challenge for judges and attorneys to conduct fair, equal and impartial trials. A recent paper published in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience considers the overlap between social cognitive processes such as cultural and racial stereotyping and brain activity associated with bias against defendants accused of severe crimes.

R. McKell Carter, one of the paper’s co-authors, is an assistant professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is an expert on : the processes of the brain that interpret the actions, intentions and expectations of others.

Carter’s study examines the role of social cognition in crime-type , when jurors perceive the prosecutor’s case stronger based on the severity of the charges against the defendant. Using imaging (fMRI) scans on mock jurors, researchers mapped out regions of the brain that activated when jurors were presented with fictional case narratives and evidence.

Feb 10, 2023

Scientists Say New Brain-Computer Interface Lets Users Transmit 62 Words Per Minute

Posted by in categories: computing, Elon Musk, neuroscience

A team of Stanford scientists claims to have tested a new brain-computer interface (BCI) that can decode speech at up to 62 words per minute, improving the previous record by 3.4 times.

That’d be a massive step towards real-time speech conversion at the pace of natural human conversation.

Max Hodak, who founded BCI company Neuralink alongside Elon Musk, but wasn’t involved in the study, called the research “a meaningful step change in the utility of implanted BCIs” in an email to Futurism.

Feb 10, 2023

Quantum tunneling to boost memory consolidation in AI

Posted by in categories: biological, chemistry, neuroscience, quantum physics, robotics/AI

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have made tremendous progress in the past few years including the recent launch of ChatGPT and art generators, but one thing that is still outstanding is an energy-efficient way to generate and store long-and short-term memories at a form factor that is comparable to a human brain. A team of researchers in the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis has developed an energy-efficient way to consolidate long-term memories on a tiny chip.

Shantanu Chakrabartty, the Clifford W. Murphy Professor in the Preston M. Green Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, and members of his lab developed a relatively simple device that mimics the dynamics of the brain’s synapses, connections between that allows signals to pass information. The artificial synapses used in many modern AI systems are relatively simple, whereas biological synapses can potentially store complex memories due to an exquisite interplay between different chemical pathways.

Chakrabartty’s group showed that their artificial synapse could also mimic some of these dynamics that can allow AI systems to continuously learn new tasks without forgetting how to perform old tasks. Results of the research were published Jan. 13 in Frontiers in Neuroscience.

Feb 10, 2023

New Brain Atlases and Digital Tools Promise to Make Brain Research More Efficient

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, neuroscience

Summary: Advancements in brain mapping and the development of new digital tools over the past decade have opened the door to exciting new discoveries in neuroscience and brain sciences.

Source: University of Oslo.

A billion people worldwide suffer from brain diseases such as dementia, addiction and depression. Scientists carrying out brain research at UiO are now contributing to a more efficient utilization of research data by developing 3D brain atlases and new analytic tools.

Feb 10, 2023

Researchers Uncover a Simple Question That Could Help Determine Your Risk of Death

Posted by in categories: habitats, neuroscience

Researchers at the University of Tsukuba have discovered a connection between the risk of functional disability or death in older adults and the distance they are willing to walk or cycle to reach common destinations (such as a friend’s house or a supermarket).

As they age, physical or cognitive decline can make it difficult for some older adults to navigate their community, affecting their quality of life and becoming a burden on society. However, a recent study by researchers at the University of Tsukuba demonstrates that a willingness to travel longer distances by walking or cycling may help reduce the risk of early functional disability and mortality.

A recent study published in Health and Place presents a model linking death and functional disability rates in older adults to the distances they are willing to travel on foot or bicycle for common community trips. The research found that older adults who were only comfortable with short distances – such as 500 meters or less for walking, or 1 kilometer or less for cycling – faced higher risks of functional disability and death.

Feb 10, 2023

Here’s how personalized brain stimulation could treat depression

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, neuroscience

Sending a jolt of electricity through a person’s brain can do remarkable things. You only have to watch the videos of people with Parkinson’s disease who have electrodes implanted in their brains. They can go from struggling to walk to confidently striding across a room literally at the flick of a switch.

Stimulating certain parts of the brain can bring people in and out of consciousness. Even handheld devices that deliver gentle pulses to the brain can help older people remember things.

Continue reading “Here’s how personalized brain stimulation could treat depression” »

Feb 9, 2023

Anti-ageing scientists extend lifespan of oldest living lab rat

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, food, life extension, neuroscience

The results from Katcher’s latest study will be written up when Sima dies, but data gathered so far suggests that eight rats that received placebo infusions of saline lived for 34 to 38 months, while eight that received a purified and concentrated form of blood plasma, called E5, lived for 38 to 47 months. They also had improved grip strength. Rats normally live for two to three years, though a contender for the oldest ever is a brown rat that survived on a restricted calorie diet for 4.6 years.

“The real point of our experiments is not so much to extend lifespan, but to extend youthspan, to rejuvenate people, to make their golden years really potentially golden years, instead of years of pain and decrepitude,” Katcher said. “But the fact is, if you manage to do that, you also manage to lengthen life and that’s not a bad side-effect.”

Results from such small studies are tentative at best, but some scientists believe the work, and similar efforts by others, has potential. A preliminary study from a collaboration between Katcher and experts at the University of California in Los Angeles found that infusions of young blood plasma wound back the biological clock on rat liver, blood, heart and a brain region called the hypothalamus. Commenting on the work in 2020, Prof David Sinclair, a leading expert on ageing at Harvard medical school, said if the finding held up, “rejuvenation of the body may become commonplace within our lifetimes”.

Feb 9, 2023

A world in which your boss spies on your brainwaves? That future is near

Posted by in categories: futurism, neuroscience

At Davos, a Duke University futurist spoke in glowing terms about the promise of ‘brain transparency’ – and downplayed the obvious dystopian risks.

Feb 9, 2023

Atom-thin walls could smash size, memory barriers in next-gen devices

Posted by in categories: computing, neuroscience, particle physics

For all of the unparalleled, parallel-processing, still-indistinguishable-from-magic wizardry packed into the three pounds of an adult human brain, it obeys the same rule as the other living tissue it controls: Oxygen is a must.

So it was with a touch of irony that Evgeny Tsymbal offered his explanation for a technological wonder—movable, data-covered walls mere atoms wide—that may eventually help computers behave more like a brain.

“There was unambiguous evidence that oxygen vacancies are responsible for this,” said Tsymbal, George Holmes University Professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

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