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Archive for the ‘neuroscience’ category: Page 262

Jan 15, 2023

How your mood affects the way you process language

Posted by in category: neuroscience

When people are in a negative mood, they may be quicker to spot inconsistencies in things they read, a new University of Arizona-led study suggests.

The study, published in Frontiers in Communication, builds on existing research on how the brain processes language.

Vicky Lai, a UArizona assistant professor of psychology and , worked with collaborators in the Netherlands to explore how people’s brains react to language when they are in a happy versus a .

Jan 14, 2023

An epigenetic mechanism for over-consolidation of fear memories

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, genetics, neuroscience

Excessive fear is a hallmark of anxiety disorders, a major cause of disease burden worldwide. Substantial evidence supports a role of prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuits in the regulation of fear and anxiety, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate their activity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that downregulation of the histone methyltransferase PRDM2 in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex enhances fear expression by modulating fear memory consolidation. We further show that Prdm2 knock-down (KD) in neurons that project from the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex to the basolateral amygdala (dmPFC-BLA) promotes increased fear expression. Prdm2 KD in the dmPFC-BLA circuit also resulted in increased expression of genes involved in synaptogenesis, suggesting that Prdm2 KD modulates consolidation of conditioned fear by modifying synaptic strength at dmPFC-BLA projection targets.

Jan 13, 2023

Scientists Have Reached a Key Milestone in Learning How to Reverse Aging

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, genetics, life extension, neuroscience

The rebooting came in the form of a gene therapy involving three genes that instruct cells to reprogram themselves—in the case of the mice, the instructions guided the cells to restart the epigenetic changes that defined their identity as, for example, kidney and skin cells, two cell types that are prone to the effects of aging. These genes came from the suite of so-called Yamanaka stem cells factors—a set of four genes that Nobel scientist Shinya Yamanaka in 2006 discovered can turn back the clock on adult cells to their embryonic, stem cell state so they can start their development, or differentiation process, all over again. Sinclair didn’t want to completely erase the cells’ epigenetic history, just reboot it enough to reset the epigenetic instructions. Using three of the four factors turned back the clock about 57%, enough to make the mice youthful again.

“We’re not making stem cells, but turning back the clock so they can regain their identity,” says Sinclair. “I’ve been really surprised by how universally it works. We haven’t found a cell type yet that we can’t age forward and backward.”

Rejuvenating cells in mice is one thing, but will the process work in humans? That’s Sinclair’s next step, and his team is already testing the system in non-human primates. The researchers are attaching a biological switch that would allow them to turn the clock on and off by tying the activation of the reprogramming genes to an antibiotic, doxycycline. Giving the animals doxycycline would start reversing the clock, and stopping the drug would halt the process. Sinclair is currently lab-testing the system with human neurons, skin, and fibroblast cells, which contribute to connective tissue.

Jan 13, 2023

A Novel, Powerful Tool to Unveil the Communication Between Gut Microbes and the Brain

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, neuroscience

Summary: Researchers develop a novel tool that allows for the study of the communication of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract and the brain.

Source: Baylor College of Medicine.

In the past decade, researchers have begun to appreciate the importance of a two-way communication that occurs between microbes in the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, known as the gut–brain axis.

Jan 13, 2023

UVA Solves Mysteries About Leading Biomarker for Alzheimer’s

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, neuroscience

𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡!

𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐦𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐥𝐳𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐫’𝐬

𝙐𝙣𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙑𝙞𝙧𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙖 𝙣𝙚𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙨𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙨 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙙 𝙝𝙤𝙬 𝙖 𝙩𝙤𝙭𝙞𝙘 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙖𝙪 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙞𝙣, 𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙚𝙤𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝘼𝙡𝙯𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙧’𝙨 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙣𝙚𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙚𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨, 𝙨𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙨.

Continue reading “UVA Solves Mysteries About Leading Biomarker for Alzheimer’s” »

Jan 13, 2023

Your Expectations May Be What Get You Upset. —Featuring Matthew Kahn and Theofilos Chaldezos

Posted by in categories: education, neuroscience, sustainability

As students of the Fresconean way of thinking, Theofilos Chaldezos breaks down Jacque Fresco’s lecture in this video on “Expectations, Predictability, and Subjective Behavior” with Matthew Kahn. These discussions could aid in the way of thinking that helps people live lives with less frustration, stress, and anxiety.

Chapters.
00:00 — Introduction.
2:27 — Expectations.
3:00 — Subjectivity Influencing Expectation.
6:15 — Thalamic vs. Cortical Behavior.
7:20 — Compromise.
8:11 — Take Action without Subjectivity.
10:43 — Alternative Plans.
12:57 — Insufficient Tools.
14:18 — Incremental Changes.
14:58 — Accelerating Change.
21:58 — Neural Lag.
25:02 — Simulating Values.
27:09 — Reason vs. Neural Lag.
27:54 — Convenient Alternatives.
30:09 — Competition.
30:56 — Rationality.
33:05 — One-upmanship.
34:05 — Summary from Matthew.
35:20 — Belief vs. Predictability and Expectations.
42:52 — Summary from Jacque Fresco.

Continue reading “Your Expectations May Be What Get You Upset. —Featuring Matthew Kahn and Theofilos Chaldezos” »

Jan 12, 2023

Common brain network for psychiatric illness discovered

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, neuroscience

Psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia and depression, affect nearly one in five adults in the United States and nearly half of patients diagnosed with a psychiatric illness also meet the criteria for a second. With so much overlap, researchers have begun to suspect that there may be one neurobiological explanation for a variety of psychiatric illnesses. A new study by investigators from Brigham and Women’s Hospital, a founding member of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system, investigated four pre-existing, publicly available neurological and psychiatric datasets, and pinpointed a network of brain areas underlying psychiatric illnesses. Their results are published in Nature Human Behavior.

“Traditionally, neurology and psychiatry have different diagnostic strategies,” said corresponding author Joseph J. Taylor, MD, Ph.D., Medical Director of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at the Brigham’s Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics and an associate psychiatrist in the Brigham’s Department of Psychiatry. “Neurology asks: ‘Where is the lesion?’ and psychiatry asks: ‘What are the symptoms?’ We now have tools to explore the ‘where’ question for psychiatry disorders. In this study, we examined whether psychiatric disorders share a common network.”

The researchers began by analyzing a set of structural brain data from over 15,000 healthy controls as well as patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, , depression, addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or anxiety. They found gray matter decreases in anterior cingulate and insula, two commonly associated with psychiatric illness. However, only a third of studies showed gray matter decreases in these brain regions. Additionally, also showed gray matter decreases in these same regions.

Jan 12, 2023

Does Our Consciousness Continue After Death?

Posted by in category: neuroscience

What is the experience of death? Can one’s consciousness continue after death and if so, for how long?

Catch an all new EXPEDITION UNKNOWN: SEARCH FOR THE AFTERLIFE sunday 10p on discovery.

Continue reading “Does Our Consciousness Continue After Death?” »

Jan 12, 2023

What really happens when babies are left to cry it out?

Posted by in category: neuroscience

Some parents see “sleep training” as the key to a good night’s rest. Others argue that it’s distressing for babies. What do scientists say about its risks and benefits?

Jan 12, 2023

Low muscle mass is linked to cognitive decline, new study

Posted by in category: neuroscience

https://youtube.com/watch?v=m0vWME0Mk1Q

Low muscle mass has been linked to cognitive decline with scientists suggesting that measuring muscle mass can help to identify people more at risk of dementia.