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Category: biotech/medical – Page 880

DNA Chips: The Billion Gigabyte Storage Solution of Tomorrow

In the form of DNADNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule composed of two long strands of nucleotides that coil around each other to form a double helix. It is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms that carries genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).

Alzheimer’s: Exercise-induced hormone may help reduce plaque

He added the study may lead doctors to try finding medications to mimic the effect of exercise without actually requiring physical activity.

“While this research shows promising results, a lot more research would be needed to show how much of an impact it would make on people with Alzheimer’s and how much would be needed for a preventive effect,” Voci said. “But I would argue that this gives more evidence to the broad spectrum of what exercise can treat. Exercise is medicine.”

Coconut oil may alter metabolism and cause obesity, mouse study finds

The findings support the hypothesis that a diet high in saturated fatty acids can lead to leptin resistance. At the same time as leptin resistance is developing, the body’s fat storage tissue, known as white adipose tissue, also becomes less responsive to leptin.

Is coconut oil healthy? A study found that it disrupted mice’s ability to use leptin and insulin, two critical hormones, and as a result, may lead to diabetes and obesity.

90% Reduction: Scientists Discover Natural Molecule That Eradicates Plaques and Cavities

A significant portion of the global population experiences persistent issues with dental plaque and cavities or will face them at some time. While toothpaste, mouthwash, and routine dental visits help in prevention, there’s always room for improvement.

Researchers from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, in collaboration with teams from Sichuan University and the National University of Singapore, have identified that 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) – a naturally occurring molecule also referred to as bisindole – can reduce biofilms responsible for plaque and cavities by a remarkable 90%.

The molecule is also found to have anti-carcinogenic properties.

A Single Drug Could Treat America’s Top Two Killer Diseases

What would you guess are the two biggest killers in the world? Based on media coverage, maybe you guessed gun violence, accidents, or COVID-19.

But the top two killers are actually cardiovascular disease and cancer. These two diseases combined account for nearly 50 percent of deaths in the US.

Cardiovascular disease and cancer seem to be quite different on the surface. But newly discovered parallels between the origins and development of these two diseases mean that some treatments may be effective against both.

Nanotechnology-Boosted Biomaterials for Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent global health concern, posing a significant and increasing public health challenge worldwide. Recently, biomaterials have emerged as a highly promising strategy for OA therapy due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and capacity to regulate pathological processes. However, there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the potential therapeutic applications of these biomaterials in the clinical management of diseases, particularly in the treatment of OA. In this comprehensive review, we present an extensive discussion of the current status and future prospects concerning biomaterials for OA… More.

Herein, in this review, we summarize the advanced strategies developed for enhancing OA therapy based on the biomaterials. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using relevant databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was focused on peer-reviewed articles and research papers published within the last ten years (from 2013 to 2023). We utilized specific keywords related to biomaterials”, biomaterials” and “osteoarthritis therapy” to retrieve relevant studies. First, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of OA and the limitations of current treatment options. Second, we explore the various types of biomaterials which have been used for OA therapy, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanocomposites. Third, we highlight the advantages and challenges associated with the use of biomaterials in OA therapy, such as toxicity, biodegradation, and regulatory issues. Finally, advanced biomaterials-based OA therapies with their potential for clinical translation and emerging biomaterials directions for OA therapy are discussed.

Characteristics of Biomaterials

Nanotechnology-boosted biomaterials have attracted considerable attention in recent years as promising candidates for revolutionizing the field of therapeutics.12,13 These materials combine the unique properties of nanotechnology with the versatility and biocompatibility of biomaterials, offering numerous advantages over existing therapeutic approaches. Nanotechnology enables the precise engineering of biomaterials at the nanoscale, allowing for the encapsulation and controlled release of therapeutic agents, such as drugs and growth factors.14–17 This feature facilitates targeted and sustained drug delivery to specific sites within the body, reducing systemic side effects and enhancing treatment efficacy. In the context of OA, this targeted drug delivery can be utilized to deliver anti-inflammatory agents or disease-modifying drugs directly to affected joint tissues, promoting tissue repair and alleviating symptoms. Furthermore, biomaterials can be designed to mimic the native tissue environment, thereby enhancing their biocompatibility and reducing the risk of adverse reactions or immune responses.18 This characteristic is crucial for successful integration and long-term functionality of biomaterials in biomedical applications. Moreover, nanomaterials can facilitate tissue regeneration by stimulating cellular responses and promoting tissue growth.19 In the context of OA, biomaterials can assist in cartilage repair and regeneration, potentially slowing down disease progression and improving joint function.3 In addition, nanotechnology allows for the customization of biomaterials with a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological properties.13 This flexibility enables the development of multifunctional biomaterials that can simultaneously perform multiple tasks, such as drug delivery, imaging, and tissue regeneration. These advantages collectively contribute to their potential as innovative solutions in addressing various biomedical challenges and improving patient outcomes. In this section, we will discuss some of the key properties of biomaterials and their impact on OA treatment.

Inflammation, Immune Senescence, and Dysregulated Immune Regulation in the Elderly

Although the German scientist Hanns Kaiser published a number of articles in the 1970s relating inflammation to diseases in the elderly (Kaiser, 1971), the last 20 years have seen a burst in the study of the aging immune system, inflammation and the associated diseases. One of the most iconic studies in aging and immunity was the OCTO and NONA longitudinal study of healthy 80–90 year old people that took place in Jonkoping Sweden in the 1990s (Wikby AJ and Ferguson, 2003). These studies were unique for several reasons. First, they were longitudinal studies of elderly individuals. Second, the 80-and 90-year-olds were very healthy. As people age, they naturally acquire more disease and it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish the effects of disease vs. aging on the immune parameters being measured. To overcome these confounders, the OCTO and NONA immune longitudinal study was a community population-based study that continually and carefully evaluated individual health parameters. Study participants had normal cognition, were not on drugs that would influence their immune responses, and were non-institutionalized (Wikby AJ and Ferguson, 2003). Several important findings resulted from these studies; 1) the establishment of an Immune Risk Profile (IRP) based on altered CD4/CD8 T cell ratios (decreasing CD4+ T cell numbers and often increasing CD8+ T cell numbers) (Wikby et al., 1998) and 2) germane to this review, the discovery of a link between elevated plasma IL-6 levels, mortality and IRP in the very old (Wikby et al., 2006).

An optimal immune response requires the appropriate interaction between the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system as well as a proper balance of activation and regulation. After decades of life, the aging immune system is continuously exposed to immune stressors and inflammatory assaults that lead to immune senescence (Salama et al., 2014; Aiello et al., 2019; Di Micco et al., 2021). In this review, we will discuss inflammaging in the elderly, specifically concentrating on IL-6 and IL-1β in the context of T lymphocytes, and how inflammation is related to mortality and morbidities, specifically cardiovascular disease and cancer. Although a number of studies suggests that the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β is elevated in the elderly, heightened inflammation persists. Thus, the regulation of the immune response and the ability to return the immune system to homeostasis is also important. Therefore, we will discuss cellular alterations in aging, concentrating on senescent T cells and CD4+ CD25 + FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in aging.

Inflammaging is a phenomenon of inflammatory pathogenesis characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, and is a significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality in elderly people. Claudio Franceschi first coined the term “inflammaging” in the manuscript “Inflamm-aging.

Scientists use video games to measure the eye-brain-body connection

Video games could give ophthalmologists an easy window not into the soul, but into eye health and the eye-brain-body connection — the three-way reciprocal communication that influences our actions.

“Infusing science into games is like sneaking broccoli into ice cream,” said Khizer Khaderi, MD, a clinical associate professor of ophthalmology. “It removes the resistance to do something that may not be viewed as fun, such as eating vegetables.” Or in this case, evaluating your vision health.

In a Stanford Medicine-led study, researchers employed video games to evaluate participants’ field of vision and visual stamina, their ability to distinguish contrast, and other factors that can indicate common eye diseases.