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A blood test that can predict how long vaccine immunity will last so people can get a booster jab earlier, is being developed by scientists.

Researchers have previously been unable to predict why some vaccines produce antibodies to fight infections that last for decades while in others immunity only lasts a few months.

Now Stanford University has found tell-tale signs in the blood in the days after vaccination to indicate how quickly a person’s antibody protection will wane.

Scientists at the Francis Crick Institute have generated human stem cell models1 which, for the first time, contain notochord – a tissue in the developing embryo that acts like a navigation system, directing cells where to build the spine and nervous system (the trunk).

University of Exeter scientists found that common antifungals cause pathogens to self-destruct.

The study reveals that the most common anti-fungals prompt pathogens to undergo self-destructive processes.

Gramicidins work as antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, but not well against gram-negative ones like E. coli. ^{[ 3 ]}

Gramicidins are used in medicinal lozenges for sore throat and in topical medicines to treat infected wounds.s are often mixed with other antibiotics like tyrocidine and antiseptics. ^{[ 4 ]} s are also used in eye drops for bacterial eye infections. In drops, they are often mixed with other antibiotics like polymyxin B or neomycin. Multiple antibiotics increase efficiency against various strains of bacteria. ^{[ 5 ]} Such eye-drops are also used to treat eye infections of animals, like horses. ^{[ 6 ]}

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