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Category: biotech/medical – Page 266

New blood test identifies elusive pancreatic cancer way before symptoms appear

A new blood test developed by researchers at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) shows promise for the early detection of pancreatic cancer, a disease notorious for its high mortality rates due to late diagnosis.

The test, named PAC-MANN, which stands for “protease activity-based assay using a magnetic nanosensor,” could provide a critical tool for doctors.

It can potentially lead to improved survival rates for patients diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most prevalent and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer.

Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine: How Close Are We to Reversing Aging?

Aging is a natural process, but for centuries, humans have been searching for ways to slow it down or even reverse it. Recent advancements in stem cell research and regenerative medicine have given scientists unprecedented insights into aging and potential interventions. With breakthroughs in cellular therapy, gene editing, and tissue engineering, we are closer than ever to finding ways to rejuvenate the human body. But how close are we to reversing aging, and what challenges remain?

Stem cells are the body’s raw materials from which all other specialized cells are generated. They have the unique ability to divide and create identical copies of themselves (self-renewal) or differentiate into specialized cell types. However, as we age, our stem cells decline in both number and efficiency, contributing to tissue degeneration, slower healing, and an increased risk of age-related diseases.

Researchers have been investigating how stem cells can be manipulated to repair damaged tissues, regenerate organs, and potentially reverse signs of aging. By harnessing stem cells, scientists aim to restore youthful function in various tissues and organs, offering promising anti-aging therapies.

Gut Microbiome Regulates Brain Signals Through the Vagus Nerve

Summary: New research provides direct evidence that the gut microbiome communicates with the brain through the vagus nerve. Using germ-free mice, scientists observed significantly reduced vagal nerve activity, which returned to normal after introducing gut bacteria.

When antibiotics were used to eliminate bacteria in normal mice, vagal activity dropped but was restored when microbiome-derived intestinal fluids were reintroduced. Specific metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, were identified as key activators of vagal neurons.

These signals extended to the brainstem, confirming a clear gut-to-brain pathway. The findings advance understanding of the gut-brain axis and may lead to new treatments for neurological and gastrointestinal disorders.

Oral arsenic trioxide for leukemia has a 97% cure rate: Hong Kong’s prescription medicine enters international arena

Researchers at the LKS Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong (HKUMed) have invented an oral formulation of arsenic trioxide (Oral-ATO; ARSENOL) for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a blood cancer that once had a high fatality rate.

The invention and use of oral-ATO is of historic importance for medicine in Hong Kong. It is the first-ever prescription medication wholly invented and manufactured in Hong Kong, and also the first to obtain U.S., European and Japanese patents.

After more than two decades of dedicated work, the HKU research team successfully translated this Hong Kong invention into by incorporating oral-ATO into the treatment plan of APL patients. Extensive clinical studies of oral-ATO have demonstrated its high efficacy and safety in curing APL patients, with an overall survival (OS) rate exceeding 97%, along with a significant reduction in side-effects and treatment burden.

How a former navy mechanic defied the genetic odds of inherited Alzheimer’s disease

Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have conducted a longitudinal study on an individual carrying the presenilin 2 (PSEN2) p. Asn141Ile mutation, a genetic variant known to cause dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease (DIAD). The high risk individual, despite being 18 years past the expected age of clinical onset, has remained cognitively intact. Researchers investigated genetic, neuroimaging, and biomarker data to understand potential protective mechanisms.

Unlike typical DIAD progression, in this case was confined to the occipital lobe without spreading, suggesting a possible explanation for the lack of cognitive decline.

DIAD results from highly penetrant mutations in (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), or PSEN2, which lead to abnormal amyloid-β processing and early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) was established to track DIAD mutation carriers and assess clinical, cognitive, and biomarker changes over time.

Some viruses ‘freeze’ their RNA to replicate, study finds

They say that change takes time. Well, that’s not the case for RNA. The small biological molecule acts like a switchboard operator, capable of changing its shape every few milliseconds so it can manipulate biological functions in the body. It has big jobs to carry out, after all, like copying genetic information into every living cell and activating the immune response.

A new multidisciplinary study from biophysicists and virologists at the UNC School of Medicine challenges this idea of shape-shifting RNA. Helen Lazear, Ph.D., associate professor of microbiology and immunology, and Qi Zhang, Ph.D., professor of biochemistry and biophysics, have discovered that a type of RNA in Zika virus, a mosquito-borne virus, can essentially freeze itself in time in an effort to make more copies of itself and further its spread in the body.

Their findings have not only sent ripples through the field of virology, but it has also given researchers new ammunition in the fight against RNA viruses. Their study, which was published in Nature Chemical Biology, paves the way for new therapies that can “unfreeze” these RNA structures to combat other mosquito-borne RNA viruses.

Untethered soft actuators for soft standalone robotics

Soft actuators produce the mechanical force needed for the functional movements of soft robots, but they suffer from critical drawbacks since previously reported soft actuators often rely on electrical wires or pneumatic tubes for the power supply, which would limit the potential usage of soft robots in various practical applications. In this article, we review the new types of untethered soft actuators that represent breakthroughs and discuss the future perspective of soft actuators. We discuss the functional materials and innovative strategies that gave rise to untethered soft actuators and deliver our perspective on challenges and opportunities for future-generation soft actuators.

For pneumatic actuators, the pneumatic pumps serve an essential role in generating a mechanical force by using compressed gas or moving the liquid for the rapid fluid pressure increase. Yet, the incorporation of the pneumatic pump into the soft robotics would impair the mobility and the core functionalities of the soft robots because the pumps are usually relatively bulky and heavy when compared to the soft robots themselves. To address this issue, several recent studies demonstrated pump-less pneumatic actuation by employing the phase change materials that generate the volume change as the materials switch between liquid and gaseous states, thus resulting in the inflation and deflation of actuators. Here, the pump-less pneumatic actuators can be defined as the soft actuators that do not use the actual pump but generate a pneumatic force by the phase change of material just as if utilizing the pneumatic pump. In other words, the pump-less pneumatic actuators just reproduce the end effect of the pump by a different working mechanism without using the actual pump. The absence of the pneumatic pump in the robotic design also eliminates the need for pneumatic tubes to infuse/extract air into/from the actuator, thereby making the design completely untethered.

Likewise, external stimuli can deliver a considerable amount of mechanical displacement and force needed to actuate the soft robots in an untethered manner: the external stimuli in this article include magnetic field, heat, electricity, light, and humidity. Hence, without physically connecting the electrical tethering to the soft actuators to provide the power source, the external stimuli can enable the soft actuator to produce mechanical displacement since the materials are designed to actuate as programmed. As opposed to the pneumatics-based soft actuators that require the onboard power source (such as a battery or self-powering energy harvesting devices) to supply power to induce pneumatic force, some of these actuators receive the power to induce mechanical displacement in a completely untethered fashion. For example, systematic manipulation of a magnetic field can control the movement of the magnet-driven soft actuator as intended without any type of wiring. Similarly, if the antennas are incorporated into the soft robotic system, electromagnetic waves can be utilized to provide power wirelessly to operate the soft actuators5,6,7,8, or it also enables the remote control of the actuators via wireless communication9,10 Therefore, external stimuli-driven soft actuators retain the potential to represent the breakthrough in the field of soft robotics although there exist considerable limitations to be resolved. In this light, it would be a highly valuable resource to introduce untethered soft actuators and discuss the future perspective of new types of soft robots. There are a considerable number of review articles on soft actuators and robotics11,12,13,14,15. However, no review paper has dealt with recent advances in untethered soft actuators for soft robotics that demonstrated meaningful outcomes within a few years. Recently, roboticists and researchers proposed an explosive number of soft actuators for soft robots based on innovative structural designs and functional materials that represent breakthroughs in the field of soft robotics. Furthermore, as the field of soft actuators is relatively new and drawing a substantial amount of interest in the related fields, there exists a demand for an article that systematically reviews the current trend and informs the opportunities to contribute to the field. In this regard, we believe that the timely and thorough review of the recent advances in untethered soft actuators will be informative for the general readers who wish to draw insights and gain potential perspectives in the field.

In this article, we introduce the representative works of the untethered soft actuators that serve as breakthroughs in soft robotics and further discuss the imminent challenges of the soft actuators to be addressed. Soft actuators can also be applied to rigid robots since the actuators reviewed in this paper operate in an untethered configuration. However, we intentionally circumscribed the scope and focused mainly on soft actuators for soft robots because the incorporation of soft actuators into the soft robot can make the entire robot soft and compliant. There exist specific applications where the soft robots exhibit comparative strengths over rigid robots such as navigating through the tortuous space16,17, exploring deep-sea at extremely high pressure18, or minimally invasive surgery19. Furthermore, to present these works systematically, the paper categorizes the soft actuators by four representative working mechanisms (1. pneumatically/hydraulically-driven, 2. magnetically-driven, 3. heat-driven, and 4. electrically-driven) and further examines each actuating mechanism in relation to the untethered soft robots as illustrated in Fig. 1. The paper examines the strengths and limitations of each actuating method and concludes with the future perspective of untethered soft actuators for soft robotics. Box 1 provides the general summary that addresses the strategies to provide the power source for actuation control of the soft robots. Additionally, Table 1 draws the overall comparison of each soft actuating method to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, and other key features such as response time and output force range. On the other hand, Table 2 captures key highlights of representative soft actuators that operate based on a variety of mechanisms and thus delivers a more specific comparison.

The Dvir Lab prints first ever 3D heart using patient’s own cells

Impact of multiplexing noise on multilayer networks of bistable maps.

In a major medical breakthrough, MBM researchers have “printed” the world’s first 3D vascularised engineered heart using a patient’s own cells and biological materials. Until now, scientists in regenerative medicine — a field positioned at the crossroads of biology and technology — have been successful in printing only simple tissues without blood vessels.

“This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart replete with cells, blood vessels, ventricles and chambers,” says Prof. Tal Dvir.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death among both men and women in the United States. Heart transplantation is currently the only treatment available to patients with end-stage heart failure. Given the dire shortage of heart donors, the need to develop new approaches to regenerate the diseased heart is urgent.