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Category: biotech/medical – Page 223

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Summary: Researchers have identified a genetic mechanism that regulates behavioral adaptations to emotional experiences by forming R-loops, unique RNA: DNA structures that activate target genes. The study focused on NPAS4, a gene implicated in stress and drug addiction, showing how blocking R-loops prevents maladaptive behaviors like cocaine seeking and stress-induced anhedonia in mice.

This mechanism demonstrates how emotional experiences influence brain circuits by altering gene expression through enhancer RNA. The findings could pave the way for RNA-based therapies to treat psychiatric disorders linked to stress and substance use.

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a diaphragmatic defect that is usually situated on the left side in the posterolateral region, named a Bochdalek hernia (BH), which allows abdominal organs to herniate into the thoracic cavity. BH is a prevalently observed birth anomaly in infants but is rare in adults. Right-sided BH that involves the colon is exceptionally rare, and no prior cases have described ileocecal appendix involvement. Here, we present a case of a preschooler with a right-sided BH and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), requiring distinct surgical approaches: left open thoracotomy for PDA ligation and right open thoracotomy for CDH repair. Surgical intervention is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality, favorable long-term outcomes, and a low recurrence rate, irrespective of the selected approach.

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Precision agriculture leverages cutting-edge machine learning algorithms to transform farming, boosting productivity and sustainability. From Random Forest for crop classification to CNNs for high-resolution imagery analysis, these tools optimize resources, detect diseases early, and improve yield prediction. Discover the top algorithms shaping modern agriculture and how they empower smarter, data-driven decisions.

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But Kelby, who was training to become an operating room nurse, realized Holden’s episodes reminded him of what he was learning about warning signs for stroke. JJ called Holden’s cardiologist in Utah and asked for a detailed neurologic evaluation, which enabled the mysterious episodes to be diagnosed as seizures. Holden began taking anti-seizure medication, which helped, to his parents’ great relief.

A few months after Holden was born, Sergiu Pasca, MD, arrived at Stanford Medicine to pursue a postdoctoral fellowship in the lab of Ricardo Dolmetsch, PhD, then an assistant professor of neurobiology, who was redirecting his research to autism spectrum disorder. At the time, Pasca did not know the Hulet family. But his work soon became focused on the disorder that has shaped Holden’s life.

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Researchers are shining a light on cancer cells’ energy centers—literally—to damage these power sources and trigger widespread cancer cell death. In a new study, scientists combined strategies to deliver energy-disrupting gene therapy using nanoparticles manufactured to zero in only on cancer cells. Experiments showed the targeted therapy is effective at shrinking glioblastoma brain tumors and aggressive breast cancer tumors in mice.

The research team overcame a significant challenge to break up structures inside these cellular energy centers, called mitochondria, with a technique that induces light-activated electrical currents inside the cell. They named the technology mLumiOpto.

“We disrupt the membrane, so mitochondria cannot work functionally to produce energy or work as a signaling hub. This causes programmed followed by DNA damage—our investigations showed these two mechanisms are involved and kill the ,” said co-lead author Lufang Zhou, professor of biomedical engineering and surgery at The Ohio State University. “This is how the technology works by design.”

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Researchers at the University of Sydney Nano Institute have made a significant advance in the field of molecular robotics by developing custom-designed and programmable nanostructures using DNA origami.

This innovative approach has potential across a range of applications, from targeted drug delivery systems to responsive materials and energy-efficient optical signal processing. The method uses ‘DNA origami’, so-called as it uses the natural folding power of DNA, the building blocks of human life, to create new and useful biological structures.

As a proof-of-concept, the researchers made more than 50 nanoscale objects, including a ‘nano-dinosaur’, a ‘dancing robot’ and a mini-Australia that is 150 nanometres wide, a thousand times narrower than a human hair.

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Originally published on Towards AI.

In the evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, data remains the fuel that powers innovation. But what happens when acquiring real-world data becomes challenging, expensive, or even impossible?

Enter synthetic data generation — a groundbreaking technique that leverages language models to create high-quality, realistic datasets. Consider training a language model on medical records without breaching privacy laws, or developing a customer interaction model without access to private conversation logs, or designing autonomous driving systems where collecting data on rare edge cases is nearly impossible. Synthetic data bridges gaps in data availability while maintaining the realism needed for effective AI training.

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“So when we’re talking about mirror-image life, it’s kind of like a ‘what if’ experiment: What if we constructed life with right-handed proteins instead of left-handed proteins? Something that would be very, very similar to natural life, but doesn’t exist in nature. We call this mirror-image life or mirror life,” explained to Michael Kay, a professor of biochemistry at University of Utah’s medical school.

Some scientists like Kay are interested in the medical possibilities of mirror-image therapeutics—which Kay says holds potential for treating chronic illness in a more cost-effective way—but both he and the authors of the recently published commentary are concerned about the potential threats posed by mirror bacteria.

“Our analysis suggests that mirror bacteria could broadly evade many immune defenses of humans, animals, and plants. Chiral interactions, which are central to immune recognition and activation in multicellular organisms, would be impaired with mirror bacteria,” according to the scientists.

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