Lifeboat Foundation: Safeguarding Humanity
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Category: biotech/medical – Page 10

Over the past decades, electronics engineers developed increasingly small, flexible and sophisticated sensors that can pick up a wide range of signals, ranging from human motions to heartrate and other biological signals. These sensors have in turn enabled the development of new electronics, including smartwatches, biomedical devices that can help monitor the health of users over time and other wearable or implantable systems.

Strain , which are designed to convert mechanical force into , are among the most widely used sensing devices within the , as they can be valuable for tracking both human movements and health-related biological signals. While these sensors are already embedded in many electronic devices, most existing solutions are only able to track movements in one direction.

Sensors that can accurately pick up movements and forces in multiple directions could be highly advantageous, as they could be applied to a wider range of scenarios. In addition, these sensors could be embedded in existing electronic devices to broaden their functions or enhance their capabilities.

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In 2021, research led by Ryan Flynn, MD, Ph.D., and his mentor, Nobel laureate Carolyn Bertozzi, Ph.D., opened a new chapter in biology, characterizing a new kind of player on the cell surface: glycoRNAs. Extending this discovery recently in Cell, Flynn and colleagues showed that glycoRNAs form highly organized clusters with RNA-binding proteins on the cell surface. These clusters appear to regulate communication between cells and their environment.

Now, reporting in Nature Biotechnology, Flynn’s team in the Stem Cell Program at Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center demonstrate a first application of this newfound biology: fighting cancer.

With collaborators at the Cambridge (UK) Stem Cell Institute, led by Konstantinos Tzelepis, Ph.D., and Maria Eleftheriou, Ph.D., they show that one RNA-binding protein on the cell surface, NPM1, could be a potent, selective target for treating (AML), as well as .

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Suppose you want to make a tiny robot to perform surgery inside a human patient. To avoid damaging healthy tissue and to squeeze into tight spots, the robot should be squishy. And manipulating the robot’s movements with magnetic fields would make sense, as tissues don’t respond to magnetism. But what material would you use for the robot’s limbs? Magnetic materials are stiff and brittle. Embedding tiny particles of them in a rubbery matrix could work, but the thinner—and therefore bendier—you make the composite material, the less it responds to a magnetic field. Heinrich Jaeger of the University of Chicago, Monica Olvera de la Cruz of Northwestern University, Illinois, and their collaborators have now overcome that obstacle by making thin, flexible sheets out of self-assembled nanoparticles of magnetite [1]. Even a modest field of 100 milliteslas can lift a sheet and bend it by 50°, they found.

At room temperature, magnetite (Fe3O4) is ferrimagnetic—that is, the magnetic moments in its two sublattices align in opposite directions but with unequal magnitudes, yielding a net magnetization. The smaller a ferrimagnet, the greater the chance that it has a single domain, and therefore the lower the temperature at which the domain’s magnetization will flip. When the sample size gets down to a few tens of nanometers, a ferrimagnet made of randomly flipping particles becomes, in effect, a paramagnet—that is, it lacks a net magnetization and is attracted by an applied magnetic field. The attraction can be strong. The discoverers of this phenomenon in 1959 dubbed it superparamagnetism [2].

The researchers realized that a sheet made from a single layer of superparamagnetic particles could serve as a viable material for the magnetic actuation of small soft robots. To create the layers, they suspended magnetite nanoparticles in droplets of water coated with an organic solvent. The solvent attracted the nanoparticles, which migrated to a droplet’s surface. The water slowly evaporated, leaving behind a layer of closely packed nanoparticles draped on the droplet’s support structure, a square copper grid. Each of the 20 × 20 µm squares supported a single sheet. As shown in the figure, some of the sheets happened to have a single unattached corner.

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A brief episode of anxiety may have a bigger influence on a person’s ability to learn what is safe and what is not. Research recently published in npj Science of Learning has used a virtual reality game that involved picking flowers with bees in some of the blossoms that would sting the participant—simulated by a mild electrical stimulation on the hand.

Researchers worked with 70 neurotypical participants between the ages of 20 and 30. Claire Marino, a research assistant in the ZVR Lab, and Pavel Rjabtsenkov, a Neuroscience graduate student at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, were co-first authors of the study.

Their team found that the people who learned to distinguish between the safe and dangerous areas—where the bees were and were not—showed better spatial memory and had lower , while participants who did not learn the different areas had higher anxiety and heightened fear even in safe areas.

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A new comparison and analysis of the genomes of species in the genus Malus, which includes the domesticated apple and its wild relatives, revealed the evolutionary relationships among the species and how their genomes have evolved over the past nearly 60 million years.

The research team identified structural variations among the genomes and developed methods for identifying genes associated with desirable traits, like tastiness and resistance to disease and cold, that could help guide future breeding programs.

A paper describing the research, conducted by an international team that includes Penn State biologists, was published in the journal Nature Genetics.

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A team of infectious disease specialists and environmental engineers at Université Claude Bernard Lyon’s, École Centrale de Lyon, in France, and the University of Rome La Sapienza, in Italy, has found via experiments that the physical characteristics of exhaled droplets play a role in the transmission of infectious diseases.

In their study published in the journal Physical Review Fluids, the group asked volunteers to breathe normally while silent, to speak normally, and to cough, while their exhausted droplet characteristics were measured.

Prior research has shown that many are spread via tiny expelled through the nose and mouth of infected people as they breathe. These droplets are small enough to hang in the air long enough for others to inhale them, leading to infection. Prior research has also shown that some people can be characterized as superspreaders—for some reason, they infect more people than do others. Some suspect that this might be due to the size of droplets expelled by superspreaders or the distance the droplets travel once expelled.

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PRRDetect is a new algorithm that identifies tumors with faulty DNA repair, helping doctors tailor cancer treatments more effectively. It marks a major step in using genomics for personalized cancer therapy. Researchers have developed a highly accurate algorithm, named PRRDetect, designed to iden

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Researchers led by Jean-Paul Noel at the University of Minnesota, United States, have decoupled intentions, actions and their effects by manipulating the brain-machine interface that allows a person with otherwise paralyzed arms and legs to squeeze a ball when they want to.

Published in the open-access journal PLOS Biology, the study reveals temporal binding between and actions, which makes actions seem to happen faster when they are intentional.

Separating intentions from actions was made possible because of a . The participant was paralyzed with damage to their C4/C5 vertebrae and had 96 electrodes implanted in the region of their motor cortex.

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Researchers at the University of Oklahoma have made a discovery that could potentially revolutionize treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections, cancer and other challenging gram-negative pathogens without relying on precious metals.

Currently, precious metals like platinum and rhodium are used to create synthetic carbohydrates, which are vital components of many approved antibiotics used to combat , including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a notorious hospital-acquired infection responsible for the deaths of immunocompromised patients. However, these elements require harsh reaction conditions, are expensive to use and are harmful to the environment when mined.

In an innovative study published in the journal Nature Communications, an OU team led by Professor Indrajeet Sharma has replaced these with either blue light or iron, achieving similar results with significantly lower toxicity, reduced costs, and greater appeal for researchers and .

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During viral infection, the innate immune system utilizes a variety of specific intracellular sensors to detect virus-derived nucleic acids and activate a series of cellular signaling cascades that produce type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic double-stranded DNA virus that has been associated with a variety of human malignancies, including Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. Infection with KSHV activates various DNA sensors, including cGAS, STING, IFI16, and DExD/H-box helicases. Activation of these DNA sensors induces the innate immune response to antagonize the virus. To counteract this, KSHV has developed countless strategies to evade or inhibit DNA sensing and facilitate its own infection. This review summarizes the major DNA-triggered sensing signaling pathways and details the current knowledge of DNA-sensing mechanisms involved in KSHV infection, as well as how KSHV evades antiviral signaling pathways to successfully establish latent infection and undergo lytic reactivation.

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