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Satellites Detect Mysterious Changes in the Earth’s Core
A team of scientists has detected a colossal geological anomaly, a massive and mysterious change that took place nearly 2,900 kilometers deep, right at the boundary between the Earth’s mantle and the core, an event that measurably altered the planet’s gravitational field and that has been captured, indirectly but unequivocally, by instruments in orbit.
The finding, published last month in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, suggests that the structure of rocks in the depths of the lower mantle can transform dynamically, a process that could have fundamental implications for our understanding of planetary dynamics, from the origin of major earthquakes to the generation of the magnetic field that protects life on the surface.
The research, led by Charlotte Gaugne Gouranton of the City University of Paris and with the notable participation of geophysicist Isabelle Panet of Gustave Eiffel University, focused on the meticulous analysis of data collected by the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite mission, a joint project between the United States and Germany that operated between 2002 and 2017.
Forewarned Is Forearmed: The single- and dual-brain mechanisms in Detectors from Dyads of Varying Social Distance During Deceptive Outcomes Evaluation
The study investigates how people (“receivers” / “detectors”) evaluate deceptive information depending on social distance (friend vs. stranger) and context (whether the outcome involves gains or losses).
Receivers were more likely to fall for deception in gain contexts than in loss contexts. That is, when there is a possible reward, people are less vigilant / more prone to be deceived.
Key brain regions involved: Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC, risk evaluation), Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC, reward processing), Frontal Pole Area (FPA, intention understanding). Differences in activity/connectivity in these regions were associated with how people evaluated deceptive vs truthful information, and depending on social distance.
Preventing deception requires understanding how lie detectors process social information across social distance. Although the outcomes of such information are crucial, how detectors evaluate gains or losses from close versus distant others remains unclear. Using a sender-receiver paradigm and fNIRS hyperscanning, we recruited 66 healthy adult dyads (32 male and 34 female dyads) to investigate how perceived social distance modulates the neural basis in receivers (the detector) during deceptive gain–loss evaluation. The results showed that detectors were more prone to deception in gain contexts, with these differences mediated by connectivity in risk evaluation (Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, DLPFC), reward-processing (Orbitofrontal Cortex, OFC), and intention-understanding regions (Frontal Pole Area, FPA). Hyperscanning analyses revealed that friend dyads exhibited higher interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) in these regions than stranger dyads. In gain contexts, friend dyads showed enhanced INS in the OFC, whereas in loss contexts, enhanced INS was observed in the DLPFC. Trial-level analysis revealed that the INS during the current trial effectively predicted the successful deception of that trial. We constructed a series of regression models and found that INS provides superior predictive power over single-brain measures. The INS-based Support Vector Regression model achieved an accuracy of 86.66% in predicting deception. This indicates that increased trust at closer social distances reduces vigilance and fosters relationship-oriented social information processing. As the first to identify INS as a neural marker for deception from the detector’s perspective, this work advances Interpersonal Deception Theory and offers a neuroscientific basis for credit risk management.
Significance Statement Using a sender–receiver paradigm and fNIRS hyperscanning, we investigated deception from the detector’s perspective across social distances and gain–loss contexts. Our findings reveal that interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) between the dorsolateral and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortices reliably predicts whether deception succeeds. We further analyzed the predictive power of INS at the trial level and found that deception susceptibility was first apparent in the early stages of verbal communication. These results suggest that deception is not solely shaped by individual vigilance but emerges from dynamic neural coupling during interaction. This study identifies INS as a neural signature of deception susceptibility and bridges behavioral models with neural computation, offering implications for deception detection in real-world social contexts.
Loneliness and anxiety fuel smartphone and social media addiction in ‘night owls,’ new study finds
Young adult “night owls” (or “evening types”—those who prefer to stay up late) are significantly more at risk of developing problematic relationships with smartphones and social media, according to a new study.
Problematic smartphone use is characterized by anxiety when separated from one’s phone, neglecting responsibilities in favor of phone use, and compulsively checking notifications. Social media addiction is similarly marked by excessive, uncontrolled usage that interferes with daily life.
Nearly 40% of U.K. students are now believed to exhibit signs of social media addiction, with young women at particularly high risk. Past research has linked eveningness to a range of adverse outcomes, including poor sleep quality, depression, and addictive behaviors. But until now, no study has investigated the mechanisms underlying the link between being an evening person and problematic technology use.
Largest genetic study to date identifies 13 new DNA regions linked to dyslexia
Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental condition estimated to affect between 5–10% of people living in most countries, irrespective of their educational and cultural background. Dyslexic individuals experience persistent difficulties with reading and writing, often struggling to identify words and spell them correctly.
Past studies with twins suggest that dyslexia is in great part heritable, meaning that its emergence is partly influenced by genetic factors inherited from parents and grandparents. However, the exact genetic variants (i.e., small differences in DNA sequences) linked to dyslexia have not yet been clearly delineated.
Researchers at University of Edinburgh, the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and various other institutes recently carried out the largest genome-wide association study to date exploring the genetic underpinnings of dyslexia. Their paper, published in Translational Psychiatry, identifies several previously unknown genetic loci that were found to be linked to an increased likelihood of experiencing dyslexia.
Dormant no more: Brain protein’s hidden role may reshape psychiatric and neurological treatments
In a new research report, scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine say they have identified a potential target for drugs that could dial up or down the activity of certain brain proteins in efforts to treat psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and schizophrenia, and a neurological condition that affects movement.
The proteins, called delta-type ionotropic glutamate receptors, or GluDs, have long been understood to play a major role in signaling between neurons. Mutations in GluD proteins are thought to drive psychiatric conditions, including anxiety and schizophrenia, the scientists say. Yet, scientists had few clues as to how GluDs function, hampering the ability to find treatments to regulate them.
“This class of protein has long been thought to be sitting dormant in the brain,” says Edward Twomey, Ph.D., assistant professor of biophysics and biophysical chemistry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. “Our findings indicate they are very much active and offer a potential channel to develop new therapies.”
New approach improves accuracy of quantum chemistry simulations using machine learning
A new trick for modeling molecules with quantum accuracy takes a step toward revealing the equation at the center of a popular simulation approach, which is used in fundamental chemistry and materials science studies.
The effort to understand materials and chemical reactions eats up roughly a third of national lab supercomputer time in the U.S. The gold standard for accuracy is the quantum many-body problem, which can tell you what’s happening at the level of individual electrons. This is the key to chemical and material behaviors as electrons are responsible for chemical reactivity and bonds, electrical properties and more. However, quantum many-body calculations are so difficult that scientists can only use them to calculate atoms and molecules with a handful of electrons at a time.
Density functional theory, or DFT, is easier—the computing resources needed for its calculations scale with the number of electrons cubed, rather than rising exponentially with each new electron. Instead of following each individual electron, this theory calculates electron densities—where the electrons are most likely to be located in space. In this way, it can be used to simulate the behavior of many hundreds of atoms.
Plasmon effects in neutron star magnetospheres could pose new limits on the detection of axions
Dark matter is an elusive type of matter that does not emit, reflect or absorb light, yet is predicted to account for most of the universe’s mass. As it cannot be detected and studied using conventional experimental techniques, the nature and composition of dark matter have not yet been uncovered.
One of the most promising dark matter candidates (i.e., hypothetical particles that dark matter could be made of) are axions. Theory suggests that axions could convert into light particles (i.e., photons) under specific conditions, which could in turn generate signals that can be picked up by sophisticated equipment.
In strong magnetic fields, such as those surrounding neutron stars with large magnetic fields (i.e., magnetars), the conversion of axions into photons has been predicted to generate weak radio signals that could be detected using powerful Earth-based or space-based radio telescopes.
New method for making graphene turns defects into improvements
Recent research has found a new way to make graphene that adds structural defects to improve the performance of the material that could have benefits across a range of applications—from sensors and batteries, to electronics.
Scientists from the University of Nottingham’s School of Chemistry, University of Warwick and Diamond Light Source developed a single-step process to grow graphene-like films using a molecule, Azupyrene, whose shape mimics that of the desired defect. The research has been published today in Chemical Science.
David Duncan, Associate Professor at the University of Nottingham and one of the study’s lead authors, explains, “Our study explores a new way to make graphene, this super-thin, super-strong material is made of carbon atoms, and while perfect graphene is remarkable, it is sometimes too perfect. It interacts weakly with other materials and lacks crucial electronic properties required in the semiconductor industry.”