Aging is a complex biological process characterized by the gradual decline of physiological and molecular functions and increased susceptibility to age-associated diseases. Emerging evidence indicates the role of mRNA quality control mechanisms in the regulation of aging and longevity. This review focuses on the function of mRNA surveillance mechanisms, including nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), nonstop decay (NSD), and no-go decay (NGD), in aging and age-related diseases. We discuss the critical roles of these pathways in maintaining mRNA quality and preventing the accumulation of aberrant transcripts, which can contribute to aging and age-related disorders.