Secondary infections caused by bacteria or viruses during hospital care remain a long-standing global challenge, despite advances in modern medicine. In particular, mixed bacterial-viral infections in critically ill or immunocompromised patients are extremely difficult to treat and are associated with significantly increased mortality.

At the same time, the rapid rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the frequent emergence of viral variants have exposed the limitations of existing antibiotics and vaccines. These challenges have driven growing interest in new strategies that prepare the body’s immune system in advance, enabling it to respond more rapidly and effectively when infection occurs.

Unlike conventional approaches that directly target specific pathogens, this emerging strategy focuses on priming the immune system so that immune cells can react faster and more strongly at the moment of infection.