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How parasites exit host cells
After infecting host cells and reproducing, the parasite life cycle requires them to egress so that they can move to the next host. Past studies on the genes required for this process have been conducted but show conflicting results.
The methodology of past studies often involved opening the host cells during the screening process. Consequently, researchers were unable to reliably identify when mutations prevent parasites from egressing.
To avoid the same limitations, the team used an in vivo approach to screen for essential genes instead.
“Our in vivo screen, based on CRISPR, identified for the first time that the MIC11 gene is essential for host cell membrane permeabilization and parasite egress.” Explains the lead author.
Further tests demonstrated that deleting the MIC11 gene led the parasites to be unable to rupture the host cell membrane. By incapacitating parasites in this way, they could no longer exit the host cells, majorly disrupting the parasite life cycle.
“We also found evidence that MIC11 interacts with PLP1, providing further evidence of MIC11’s crucial role,” explains the senior author. “PLP1 is another parasite protein that was already known to be essential for egress.” ScienceMission sciencenewshighlights.
Bridging structure and function: artificial intelligence-based modelling of kidney proteins
Advances in artificial intelligence-driven algorithms and experimental technologies have revolutionized the field of protein modelling. This Review describes how these developments have provided unprecedented insights into the structure of key proteins within the kidney, improved understanding of the relationships between protein structure and stability, and enabled mechanistic interpretation of variants that underlie a variety of kidney pathologies.
Quantum Simulations Now Model Energy Loss With Greater Accuracy
A new computational technique accurately models decoherence’s impact on light–matter interactions within waveguide quantum electrodynamics. Matias Bundgaard-Nielsen and colleagues at the Technical University of Denmark present a matrix product state (MPS) method capable of modelling decoherence processes via density matrices, representing a key advancement over previous approaches. The method utilises collision quantum optics and efficiently incorporates various loss mechanisms, including emitter pure dephasing and off-chip radiative decay, to simulate complex waveguide QED systems such as two-level systems and multi-emitter setups. By modelling these realistic dissipation dynamics, the research offers vital insights into the behaviour of quantum systems and enables improved designs for quantum technologies.
A six-fold increase in simulated timescales for waveguide quantum electrodynamics has been achieved, surpassing limitations that previously restricted simulations to Markovian dynamics. This advancement results from employing a density matrix-based matrix product state (MPS) method, enabling accurate modelling of non-Markovian effects arising from time delays and memory effects within the system.
Traditionally, waveguide QED simulations have relied on the Markov approximation, which assumes that the system’s memory of past events is negligible. However, in many realistic scenarios—particularly those involving long propagation delays within the waveguide or slow emitter dynamics—this approximation breaks down. The method explicitly accounts for the system’s history, allowing the simulation of phenomena that depend on non-Markovian effects. In particular, it incorporates realistic decoherence mechanisms such as pure dephasing, which perturbs the phase coherence of quantum states, and off-chip radiative decay, where excitation energy is lost to the environment outside the waveguide.
Nvidia becomes first company to cross $5 trillion in market value
Nvidia has achieved a historic milestone. The chipmaker is now the world’s most valuable listed company. Its market capitalization has surpassed five trillion dollars. This surge places Nvidia ahead of tech giants like Alphabet and Apple. The company’s success is driven by its crucial role in supplying GPUs for artificial intelligence models. Nvidia’s stock performance reflects its strong market position.
Frontiers: Year 2020 this gene therapy in mice shows promise for als gene therapy in humans
Gene therapy is an emerging and powerful therapeutic tool to deliver functional genetic material to cells in order to correct a defective gene. During the past decades, several studies have demonstrated the potential of AAV-based gene therapies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. While some clinical studies have failed to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy, the use of AAV as a delivery tool has demonstrated to be safe. Here, we discuss the past, current and future perspectives of gene therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the current advances on the newly emerging RNAi-based gene therapies which has been widely studied in preclinical model and recently also made it to the clinic.
Gene therapy is an emerging therapeutic tool used to deliver functional genetic material to cells in order to correct a defective gene. By delivering a copy of a therapeutic gene to affected cells, the product encoded by that gene [i.e., its messenger RNA (mRNA) and/or proteins] will be continuously synthesized within the cell, utilizing the cell’s own transcriptional and translational machinery (Porada et al., 2013). The main advantage of this technology is that it offers a potentially life-long therapeutic effect without the need for repeated administration. Gene therapy can be used to correct defective genes by introducing a functional copy of the gene, by silencing a mutant allele using RNA interference (RNAi), by introducing a disease-modifying gene, or by using gene-editing technology (Grimm and Kay, 2007; Dow et al., 2015; Saraiva et al., 2016).
Gene therapy vectors can be either viral or non-viral. Different physical and chemical systems can be applied to deliver therapeutic genes to cells without the need of a viral vector. Non-viral vectors have no size limitation for the therapeutic gene, generally have a low immunogenicity risk, and can be produced at relatively low costs (Nayerossadat et al., 2012). However, due to the fact that high therapeutic doses are required when using non-viral technologies, and the resulting gene expression is generally transient, most gene therapies now rely on viral vectors. Numerous viral vector types have been tested in clinic, including vaccinia, measles, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), polio, reovirus, adenovirus, lentivirus, γ-retrovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) (Lundstrom, 2018).
Objectively Measured Daytime Napping and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults
Among older adults, longer and more frequent daytime napping, especially in the morning, was associated with higher AllCauseMortality, supporting wearable sleep assessment for risk evaluation.
Question Are objectively measured daytime nap characteristics, including duration, frequency, variability, and timing, associated with all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older adults?
Findings In this prospective cohort study of 1,338 adults aged 56 years or older, longer and more frequent daytime napping, as well as morning napping, were associated with higher all-cause mortality. Variability in nap duration was not associated with mortality.
Meaning The findings suggest longer and more frequent, particularly morning, napping may be a behavioral marker of increased mortality risk in late life, underscoring the potential clinical value of incorporating wearable device–based nap assessments into routine health monitoring.
Protein’s second role in inflammation could reshape treatment for Crohn’s, arthritis and heart disease
A protein long understood to drive inflammation by producing nitric oxide has a second, previously unknown role—it physically binds to another key protein inside cells to directly modulate the immune response. The discovery, published in Nature Metabolism, could open new routes to treating conditions such as cardiovascular disease, arthritis, Crohn’s and other inflammatory diseases.
When the immune system detects infection or injury, it triggers inflammation to fight back. That response is essential, but it must be carefully controlled. If it runs too hard for too long, it causes the tissue damage that underlies many chronic diseases. Understanding the molecular switches that regulate inflammation—and finding new ways to target them—is one of the biggest challenges in modern medicine.
Researchers from the University of Surrey and the University of Oxford have identified one such switch. They have shown that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)—a protein that produces nitric oxide during inflammation—can also bind directly to a second protein, IRG1, inside mitochondria. That physical interaction blocks IRG1 from producing itaconate, a metabolite that acts as a brake on the inflammatory response.