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Cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins are responsible for breaking down more than 80% of all Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs, reducing their effectiveness. However, how to prevent CYPs from doing this without off-target effects has puzzled researchers until now.

Scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital have designed new drug frameworks that selectively target CYP3A4, one of the most critical CYP proteins. Structural insights from this work offer a roadmap for future drug developers to better evaluate and selectively target CYP proteins. The findings are published in Nature Communications.

CYP3A4 breaks down drugs that treat various health conditions, including the anti-cancer agent paclitaxel and the COVID-19 therapeutic nirmatrelvir. CYP3A4 are commonly co-administered to reduce CYP3A4’s effect. This includes ritonavir, which is combined with nirmatrelvir in Paxlovid for mild COVID-19 treatment. However, such CYP3A4 inhibitors often affect the similar but distinct CYP3A5 due to the two proteins’ shared features, such as large and promiscuous binding sites, in addition to other unintended CYPs.

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For decades, scientists assumed that neural stem cells (NSCs) only occur in the brain and spinal cord. A new international study, led by Hans Schöler of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine in Münster, has now refuted this assumption and discovered a new type of neural stem cell outside the central nervous system (CNS) that opens up enormous possibilities for the development of therapies for neurological diseases. The study is published in the journal Nature Cell Biology.

In 2014, an article titled “Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of into pluripotency” was published in Nature. This publication initially caused quite a stir because it opened up a simple way to obtain . The induction of pluripotent stem cells without the need for viral vectors, as Shinya Yamanaka had done and for which he received the Nobel Prize, would have been too good to be true.

Although the laboratory of Schöler at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, like many others, tried to repeat the experiment that described the “stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency” (STAP) based on treating somatic cells with low pH. However, the generation of pluripotent cells failed regardless of the culture conditions and tissues used—and the corresponding paper was eventually retracted several months after publication.

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Quantum computers, which process information leveraging quantum mechanical effects, have the potential to outperform classical computers in some optimization and computational tasks. In addition, they could be used to simulate complex quantum systems that cannot be simulated using classical computers.

Researchers at Quantinuum and other institutes in Europe and the United States recently set out to simulate the digitized dynamics of the quantum Ising model, a framework that describes in materials, using an advanced quantum computer.

Their simulations, outlined in a paper on the arXiv preprint server, led to the observation of a transient state known as Floquet prethermalization, in which systems appear locally stable before approaching full equilibrium, in regimes that are inaccessible to classical computers.

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Bioinformaticians from Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU) and the university in Linköping (Sweden) have established that the genes in bacterial genomes are arranged in a meaningful order. In the journal Science, they explain that the genes are arranged by function: If they become increasingly important for faster growth, they are located near the origin of DNA replication. Accordingly, their position influences how their activity changes with the growth rate.

Are genes distributed randomly along the , as if scattered from a salt shaker? This opinion, which is held by a majority of researchers, has now been disputed by a team of bioinformaticians led by Professor Dr. Martin Lercher, head of the research group for Computational Cell Biology at HHU.

When bacteria replicate their in preparation for , the process starts at a specific point on the bacterial chromosome and continues along the chromosome in both directions.

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Proteins are the building blocks of life. They consist of folded peptide chains, which in turn are made up of a series of amino acids. From stabilizing cell structure to catalyzing chemical reactions, proteins have many functions. Their diversity is further increased by modifications that take place after the peptide chains have been synthesized.

One form of modification is protein splicing. The protein initially contains a so-called “intein,” which removes itself from the peptide chain to ensure the correct folding and function of the final protein.

A team led by protein chemist Prof Henning Mootz and Ph.D. student Christoph Humberg from the Institute of Biochemistry at the University of Münster has now answered a long-standing research question: Why does a special variant of the inteins, the “split inteins,” often encounter problems in the laboratory that significantly lower the efficiency of the reaction? The researchers were able to identify protein misfolding as one cause and have developed a method to prevent it.

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Using artificial intelligence shortens the time to identify complex quantum phases in materials from months to minutes, finds a new study published in Newton. The breakthrough could significantly speed up research into quantum materials, particularly low-dimensional superconductors.

The study was led by theorists at Emory University and experimentalists at Yale University. Senior authors include Fang Liu and Yao Wang, assistant professors in Emory’s Department of Chemistry, and Yu He, assistant professor in Yale’s Department of Applied Physics.

The team applied to detect clear spectral signals that indicate in quantum materials—systems where electrons are strongly entangled. These materials are notoriously difficult to model with traditional physics because of their unpredictable fluctuations.

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Laser plasma acceleration is a potentially disruptive technology: It could be used to build far more compact accelerators and open up new use cases in fundamental research, industry and health. However, on the path to real-world applications, some properties of the plasma-driven electron beam as delivered by current prototype accelerators still need to be refined.

DESY’s LUX experiment has now made significant progress in this direction: Using a clever correction system, a research team was able to significantly improve the quality of electron bunches accelerated by a laser plasma accelerator. This brings the technology a step closer to concrete applications, such as a plasma-based injector for a synchrotron storage ring. The research group presents their results in the journal Nature.

Conventional electron accelerators use which are directed into so-called resonator cavities. The radio waves transfer energy to the electrons as they fly past, increasing their velocity. To achieve high energies, many resonators have to be connected in series, making the machines large and costly.

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In the Quantum Mixtures Lab of the National Institute of Optics (Cnr-Ino), a team of researchers from Cnr, the University of Florence and the European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS) observed the phenomenon of capillary instability in an unconventional liquid: an ultradilute quantum gas. This result has important implications for the understanding and manipulation of new forms of matter.

The research, published in Physical Review Letters, also involved researchers from the Universities of Bologna, Padua, and the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

In physics, it is known that the surface tension of a liquid, caused by intermolecular cohesive forces, tends to minimize the surface area. This mechanism is responsible for macroscopic phenomena such as the formation of raindrops or soap bubbles.

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As you read this sentence, trillions of cells are moving around in your body. From the red blood cells being pumped by your heart, to the immune cells racing across your lymphatic system, everything you need to live pulsates and flows in a turbulent dance of finely tuned biological machinery.

Because its are so unique, understanding the of flowing biological cells like these has been an important topic of research. New insights can lead to the development of better microfluidic devices that study disease, and even improve the function of artificial hearts. However, live tracking and observing flowing cells as it moves across the body is still a challenge.

Now, utilizing , researchers from Japan have succeeded in recreating the fluid dynamics of flowing cells. In their paper, published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, the team created an in-silico cell model—a simulation of biological cells—by programming them as deformable “capsules,” and placed them in a simulated tube under a pulsating “flow,” mimicking how cells travel through a vessel.

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A new study shows that electron spins—tiny magnetic properties of atoms that can store information—can be protected from decohering (losing their quantum state) much more effectively than previously thought, simply by applying low magnetic fields.

Normally, these spins quickly lose coherence when they interact with other particles or absorb certain types of light, which limits their usefulness in technologies like or atomic clocks. But the researchers discovered that even interactions that directly relax or disrupt the spin can be significantly suppressed using weak magnetic fields.

This finding expands our understanding of how to control and opens new possibilities for developing more stable and precise quantum devices.

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