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Chromosomes condense in three timed chemical waves during cell division, study shows

DNA does not float freely in the cell. Instead, it is wrapped around histone proteins to form structures called nucleosomes. These histones carry numerous chemical modifications that act as molecular signals, controlling how tightly the DNA is packaged and which genes are active. During cell division, this DNA-histone complex—known as chromatin—must be further condensed into compact, rod-shaped chromosomes. Histone modifications play a key role in this process: They change significantly during condensation and regulate the conversion of chromatin.

For the first time, researchers have precisely tracked how molecular marks on DNA proteins change during cell division—and disproved a long-held assumption in the process.

An international research team led by Professor Axel Imhof at LMU’s Biomedical Center and Professor William Earnshaw (University of Edinburgh) has analyzed these changes during cell division with unprecedented precision. To this end, the researchers developed an innovative method that synchronizes the division of cell populations. They then employed high-resolution mass spectrometry to precisely record the changes in histone modifications during cell division. The findings are published in Molecular Cell.

One-way phonon synchronization could survive noise and defects, theoretical physicists suggest

A novel approach for realizing the one-way quantum synchronization of phonons has been proposed by three theoretical physicists at RIKEN. Importantly, this method is remarkably resilient against practical challenges such as imperfections and environmental noise. Their paper, “Nonreciprocal quantum synchronization,” is published in Nature Communications.

Many devices use components that act as one-way streets, allowing particles to travel in one direction, but almost not at all in the opposite one. These so-called nonreciprocal components are widely used in microwave and light-based systems for things such as controlling signal flow and preventing reflections.

“Nonreciprocal components enable signals to travel along desired paths, whereas they are strongly attenuated in the opposite direction,” notes Franco Nori of the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC). “This ability finds applications ranging from signal processing to invisible cloaking.”

How electron structure affects light responses in moiré materials

In materials science, if you can understand the “texture” of a material—how its internal patterns form and shift—you can begin to design how it behaves. That’s the focus of the work of Zhenglu Li, assistant professor in the Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at USC Viterbi School of Engineering. Li’s recently published paper in PNAS, titled “Moiré excitons in generalized Wigner crystals,” demonstrates that the way electrons organize themselves inside a material determines how that material responds to light—and how this organization can be engineered.

“Moiré” is a word that will be familiar to anyone who follows fashion. In the context of textiles, it refers to a larger-scale interference pattern that appears when two repeating patterns are slightly misaligned. Imagine brushing a swatch of velvet in different directions; the material reveals different properties depending on how it is ruffled.

Likewise, in the context of nanoscale materials science, an independent, shimmering or wavelike pattern is formed when two overlapping atomically thin layers are overlaid at an acute angle. The new pattern, moiré superlattice, changes how electrons move, which can give the material unusual properties.

Quantum ‘dark modes’ no longer block phonon control, opening new paths for scalable devices

Three RIKEN researchers have demonstrated a way to stop problematic “dark modes” from squelching intriguing effects in quantum systems. This advance could help with the development of more versatile quantum devices that can be used to control the storage and transmission of quantum information. The study is published in the journal Nature Communications.

Manipulations that alter the topology of certain quantum systems known as non-Hermitian systems are attracting increasing attention, since they offer novel possibilities for manipulating particles of sound (phonons) and light (photons) as well as other excitations.

“Topological operations allow for various weird and fascinating phenomena, such as the buildup of chiral phases and the movement of phonons in one direction,” notes Franco Nori of the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC).

Newton’s 300-Year-Old Law Passes Its Biggest Cosmic Test Yet

Gravity may seem simple in everyday life. Drop an apple, and it falls. On cosmic scales, though, gravity becomes one of science’s biggest stress tests. It governs the rise of galaxies, the behavior of galaxy clusters, and the overall architecture of the universe, yet some of the universe’s motions still do not add up.

That long-running mismatch is what drove University of Pennsylvania cosmologist Patricio A. Gallardo and his collaborators to ask a basic but profound question: what if gravity itself behaves differently across the largest distances in the universe?

The Immune System Impacts Longevity: What To Measure

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