A physicist claims that gravity is not a force holding life together, but that it is actually a clue that we live in a simulation.
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Though we learn so much during our first years of life, we can’t, as adults, remember specific events from that time. Researchers have long believed we don’t hold onto these experiences because the part of the brain responsible for saving memories — the hippocampus — is still developing well into adolescence and just can’t encode memories in our earliest years. But new Yale research finds evidence that’s not the case.
In a study, the researchers showed infants new images and later tested whether they remembered them. When an infant’s hippocampus was more active upon seeing an image the first time, they were more likely to appear to recognize that image later.
The findings, published in Science, indicate that memories can indeed be encoded in our brains in our first years of life. And the researchers are now looking into what happens to those memories over time.
The strong links between changes in astrocyte structure and function in the context of neurodevelopment and disease have been supported by studies examining astrocyte cytoskeletal markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in disease models and postmortem human brain tissue, where increases or decreases in its expression in various brain nuclei are often linked with neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders. Hence, changes in GFAP expression are often the first-line test for astrocyte involvement in disease and support a role for astrocyte dysfunction in major depression, schizophrenia, alcohol and substance use disorders, anorexia nervosa, and bipolar disorder (7–19), where changes in astrocyte structure, density, complexity, and/or blood vessel association are linked with disrupted astrocyte function. Although reactive astrogliosis remains the single most studied astrocytic response involving morphological adaptations and changes in GFAP expression (20, 21), in recent years, astrocyte morphological plasticity has been shown to be more nuanced. GFAP expression is dynamic across the circadian cycle (22–24) and increases with physical exercise and environmental enrichment (25, 26). Moreover, in aging, astrocytes increase or decrease their GFAP expression in different brain regions (27, 28), suggesting heterogeneity in astrocyte form and function.
We previously found a notable relationship between astrocyte structure and vulnerability to substance use disorders, with astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) altering their association with different neural subcircuits to drive or suppress drug-seeking behavior depending on heroin availability (29–31). The NAc is critical for regulating behavioral outputs in response to rewards, including substances of abuse and natural reinforcers, such as food or sucrose. The NAc is composed of core and shell subregions that are themselves heterogeneous structures with regard to synaptic input and output connectivity and function (32–36). Heterogeneity has been observed in astrocyte morphology within the NAc core (3, 30, 37), but studies have not yet examined how astrocyte structure and function differ across NAc subregions at baseline or in response to operant conditioning with natural or pathological reinforcers.
To address this gap, we developed an automated pipeline for single-cell morphological analysis of astrocytes that integrates state-of-the-art deep learning models for astrocyte detection and segmentation, together with highly sensitive geometrical tools for precise quantitation of single-cell morphological characteristics. We introduce the rigorous notion of morphological distance (MD) to measure alterations in astrocyte morphology and compare astrocyte subpopulations according to their structural characteristics. By applying this pipeline in combination with supervised machine learning, we found that single-astrocyte morphological characteristics were predictive not only of anatomical location within the NAc at baseline but also of the availability of heroin or sucrose at the moment of image capture. This geometrically sensitive approach yields substantially more detailed information about astrocyte structure than previously applied manual or semiautomated approaches and serves as a rigorous quantitative assay for identifying brain nuclei where astrocytes undergo plasticity in the context of disease. We found that astrocyte structural plasticity across the NAc was disrupted in animals that had been exposed to heroin but not sucrose, consistent with a largely protective role for NAc astrocytes in maintaining synaptic homeostasis and behavioral flexibility. We also found that astrocyte structural plasticity in the dorsomedial portion of the NAc shell was uniquely engaged during the initiation of opioid but not sucrose seeking, suggesting the involvement of this structure in drug relapse.
At long last, a unified theory combining gravity with the other fundamental forces—electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces—is within reach. Bringing gravity into the fold has been the goal of generations of physicists, who have struggled to reconcile the incompatibility of two cornerstones of modern physics: quantum field theory and Einstein’s theory of gravity.
Researchers at Aalto University have developed a new quantum theory of gravity which describes gravity in a way that’s compatible with the standard model of particle physics, opening the door to an improved understanding of how the universe began.
While the world of theoretical physics may seem remote from applicable tech, the findings are remarkable. Modern technology is built on such fundamental advances—for example, the GPS in your smartphone works thanks to Einstein’s theory of gravity.
Google is constantly releasing new Android Auto updates, but new features often feel few and far between. What’s on the roadmap? In this post, we’ll break down new features coming to Android Auto.
Timeline: More news at Google I/O
Officially confirmed by Google itself, Gemini is on its way to Android Auto.
The mechanism that stabilizes new ferroelectric semiconductors also creates a conductive pathway, which could make them suitable for use in high-power transistors. A new type of semiconductor that can store information using electric fields may lead to more energy-efficient computers, ultra-preci
Scientists have developed a method for storing quantum information in a single dimension, thereby reducing decoherence, using chromium sulfide bromide.
Berkeley Humanoid Lite is an open-source, budget-friendly humanoid robot created by UC Berkeley researchers to make robotics research easier for everyone. It’s a customizable, 3D-printed robot designed for researchers, teachers, and hobbyists. Unlike expensive, closed-source commercial robots (often over $100,000), it costs less than $5,000 by using common parts and desktop 3D printers. The robot’s motors and body use 3D-printed cycloidal gearboxes, keeping costs low while staying sturdy. You can buy all parts from online stores, and the design works with a 3D printer that has at least a 200 × 200 × 200 mm build space. It’s 80 cm