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Alveolar macrophage cell surface receptor TREM2 promotes lung fibrosis, study shows

Lung macrophages play a pivotal role in diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Two types of macrophages—the white blood cells that defend the body by killing microbes, removing dead cells and stimulating immune responses—are found in the lung. They are tissue resident macrophages, which are present from birth, and monocyte-derived macrophages that enter the lungs for a short time in response to damage or infection.

Recently these monocyte-derived , or Mo-AMs, were identified as key drivers of lung fibrosis disease progression. However, the mechanisms of their pro-fibrotic behavior and survival in the lungs remained unclear, so clinicians continue to lack effective therapies.

In a study published in the journal Nature Communications, Gang Liu, M.D., Ph.D., Huachun Cui, Ph.D., and their University of Alabama at Birmingham colleagues show that TREM2, a cell surface receptor protein on Mo-AM cells, is a critical regulator of macrophage-mediated lung fibrosis. This makes it a promising therapeutic target for intervention, says Gang, a professor in the UAB Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine.

How do we reach decisions? Researchers pioneer AI method to uncover cognitive strategies

Researchers have long been interested in how humans and animals make decisions by focusing on trial-and-error behavior informed by recent information. However, the conventional frameworks for understanding these behaviors may overlook certain realities of decision-making because they assume we make the best decisions after taking into account our past experiences.

A newly released study by a team of scientists deploys AI in innovative ways to better understand this process. By using tiny artificial neural networks, the researchers’ work illuminates in detail what drives an individual’s actual choices—regardless of whether those choices are optimal or not.

The work appears in Nature.

Robots could one day crawl across the moon, and undergrads are laying the groundwork

The future of moon exploration may be rolling around a nondescript office on the CU Boulder campus. Here, a robot about as wide as a large pizza scoots forward on three wheels. It uses an arm with a claw at one end to pick up a plastic block from the floor, then set it back down.

Frozen, but not sealed: Arctic Ocean remained open to life during ice ages, study suggests

For years, scientists have debated whether a giant thick ice shelf once covered the entire Arctic Ocean during the coldest ice ages. Now, a new study published in Science Advances challenges this idea as the research team found no evidence for the presence of a massive ~1km ice shelf. Instead, the Arctic Ocean appears to have been covered by seasonal sea ice—leaving open water and life-sustaining conditions even during the harshest periods of cold periods during the last 750,000 years.

The paper is titled “Seasonal sea ice characterized the glacial Arctic–Atlantic gateway over the past 750,000 years.”

This discovery gives insights crucial for our understanding of how the Arctic has responded to in the past—and how it might behave in the future.

3D-printed magnetoelastic smart pen may help diagnose Parkinson’s

Every year, tens of thousands of people with signs of Parkinson’s disease go unnoticed until the incurable neurodegenerative condition has already progressed.

Motor symptoms, such as tremors or rigidity, often emerge only after significant neurological damage has occurred. By the time patients are diagnosed, more than half of their dopamine-producing neurons may already be lost. This kind of diagnostic delay can limit treatment options and slow progress on early-stage interventions.

While there are existing tests to detect biomarkers of Parkinson’s, including cell loss in the brain and inflammatory markers in blood, they typically require access to specialists and costly equipment at major medical centers, which may be out of reach for many.

Improving randomness may be the key to more powerful quantum computers

Understanding randomness is crucial in many fields. From computer science and engineering to cryptography and weather forecasting, studying and interpreting randomness helps us simulate real-world phenomena, design algorithms and predict outcomes in uncertain situations.

Randomness is also important in quantum computing, but generating it typically involves a large number of operations. However, Thomas Schuster and colleagues at the California Institute of Technology have demonstrated that quantum computers can produce randomness much more easily than previously thought.

And that’s good news because the research could pave the way for faster and more efficient quantum computers.

Pilot program integrates AI-generated notes with human community notes on X platform

X (formerly Twitter) launched its “Community Notes” program in 2021 to combat misinformation by allowing users to add contextual notes on posts that might be deceptive or lead to misinterpretation. An example would be users labeling an AI-generated video as such, so that other users would not be tricked into believing the event in the video actually occurred. Community notes are rated by the decentralized social media community to determine their usefulness. Only the notes determined useful by raters are shown on the post. X’s Community Notes later inspired other platforms to launch similar programs.

Record-Shattering Molecule Stores Data at “Dark Side of the Moon” Temperatures

A new molecule may soon enable tiny hard drives that store vastly more data. Withstanding extreme cold, it paves the way for dense and efficient storage solutions. Researchers from The University of Manchester and The Australian National University (ANU) have developed a novel molecule capable of

Gene therapy restored hearing in deaf patients

Gene therapy can improve hearing in children and adults with congenital deafness or severe hearing impairment, a new study involving researchers at Karolinska Institutet reports. Hearing improved in all ten patients, and the treatment was well-tolerated. The study was conducted in collaboration with hospitals and universities in China and is published in the journal Nature Medicine.

Evaluation of the diuretic activity in two mexican medicinal species: Selaginella nothohybrida and S. lepidophylla

PDF | S. nothohybrida Valdespino and S. lepidophylla (Hook & Grev) Spring (Selaginellaceae) (doradillas) are used in the Mexican traditional system of… | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate