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Chemistry at the beginning: How molecular reactions influenced the formation of the first stars

Immediately after the Big Bang, which occurred around 13.8 billion years ago, the universe was dominated by unimaginably high temperatures and densities. However, after just a few seconds, it had cooled down enough for the first elements to form, primarily hydrogen and helium. These were still completely ionized at this point, as it took almost 380,000 years for the temperature in the universe to drop enough for neutral atoms to form through recombination with free electrons. This paved the way for the first chemical reactions.

The oldest molecule in existence is the helium hydride ion (HeH⁺), formed from a neutral helium atom and an ionized hydrogen nucleus. This marks the beginning of a chain reaction that leads to the formation of molecular hydrogen (H₂), which is by far the most common molecule in the universe.

Recombination was followed by the “dark age” of cosmology: although the universe was now transparent due to the binding of , there were still no light-emitting objects, such as stars. Several hundred million years passed before the first stars formed.

‘Mental time travel’ can restore memories to their former state, new study finds

Several studies have indicated that forgotten memories may not be as irretrievable as once thought. Memory appears to be closely tied to the context in which it was encoded. Consequently, remembering smells, sounds and other environmental cues, as well as any feelings experienced during the time the memory was formed can help to recall the memory. However, these memory studies have not sufficiently determined how this kind of contextual memory recall is forgotten after recall.

As most people are aware, retrieving a memory normally becomes more and more difficult as time goes on, but the rate of forgetting actually declines over time in a nonlinear manner due to ongoing memory consolidation. In other words, humans will forget an event at a faster rate within the first few days or weeks, and then the forgetting levels off somewhat and less of the memory is lost over longer time periods.

In a new study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a group of German scientists sought to determine if retrieving memories with “” can restore the retrieval and forgetting rate to how they were shortly after encoding. To do this, they recruited 1,216 participants to undergo two different memory experiments.

Human proteome study maps aging signatures across 13 organs

A multi-institutional team led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences has constructed a proteomic atlas of human aging across 13 organs, revealing tissue-specific aging clocks, transcriptome-proteome decoupling, and secreted proteins that may accelerate systemic decline.

Organ-specific aging and deterioration drive vulnerability to chronic diseases. Previous studies focused primarily on plasma proteins or DNA methylation profiles. No investigation has systematically mapped how protein quality control deteriorates differently across tissues identified organ‑specific biological age biomarkers.

In the study, “Comprehensive human proteome profiles across a 50-year lifespan reveal aging trajectories and signatures,” published in Cell, researchers designed a multi-tissue , charting organ-level protein dynamics and aging-related biomarkers across five decades of adult life to construct a longitudinal proteomic atlas of human aging.

How lithium walls trap tritium in fusion reactors revealed

Lithium is considered a key ingredient in the future commercial fusion power plants known as tokamaks, and there are several ways to use this metal to enhance the process. But a key question remained: How much does it impact the amount of fuel trapped in the walls of tokamaks?

According to new research from a global collaboration spanning nine institutions, the dominant driver of fuel retention is co-deposition: a process where fuel is trapped alongside lithium. Co-deposition can happen with lithium that is directly added during plasma operations, or lithium that has been previously deposited on the walls, only to wear away and be redeposited.

The research also showed that adding lithium during operation is more effective than pre-coating the walls with lithium in terms of creating an even temperature from the core of the plasma to its edge, which can help create the stable plasma conditions needed for commercial fusion.

From thousands of defects, one magnesium oxide qubit emerges as a quantum contender

Used as a versatile material in industry and health care, magnesium oxide may also be a good candidate for quantum technologies. Research led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory and published in npj Computational Materials reveals a defect in the mineral that could be useful for quantum applications.

Researchers are exploring possible building blocks, known as qubits, for systems that could exploit . These systems could operate in various devices that may outperform classical supercomputers, form unhackable networks or detect the faintest signals.

Unlocking the potential of qubits for applications such as quantum computing, sensing and communications requires an understanding of materials on the atomic scale.

New approach enables independent lasers to cooperate for unified light emission

Known for their ability to seamlessly integrate into semiconductor chips, VCSELs (vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers) are used in everything from computer mice to face-scanning hardware in smartphones. However, these devices are still very much an active field of research, and many researchers believe there are still important applications waiting to be discovered.

The laboratory of Kent Choquette, a professor of electrical and computer engineering in The Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, has developed a new design in which light from multiple VCSELs combines to form a single coherent pattern called a “supermode.”

As the researchers report in the IEEE Photonics Journal, the result is a controllable pattern brighter than what is possible with an array of independent devices, adding to the capabilities of these already-versatile devices.

Chinese Scientists Develop Breakthrough Catalyst for Clean Propane Conversion

Scientists have pioneered a water- and light-driven method for converting propane at near-room temperature, opening the door to sustainable, low-energy catalysis. Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is a chemical process that requires a large input of heat, typically needing temperatures above 600°C wh

Astronomers Stunned As Mysterious Flare Repeats From Same Black Hole Two Years Later

A new discovery challenges the previously accepted understanding of how stars interact with black holes. While it’s often said that lightning never strikes the same place twice, black holes seem to defy that rule. A team of astronomers, led by researchers from Tel Aviv University, has observed a

Light Versus Light: The Secret Physics Battle That Could Rewrite the Rules

In a fascinating dive into the strange world of quantum physics, scientists have shown that light can interact with itself in bizarre ways—creating ghost-like virtual particles that pop in and out of existence.

This “light-on-light scattering” isn’t just a theoretical curiosity; it could hold the key to solving long-standing mysteries in particle physics.

Quantum light: why lasers don’t clash like lightsabers.