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Study tightens King plot-based constraints on hypothetical fifth force

While the Standard Model ℠ describes all known fundamental particles and many of the interactions between them, it fails to explain dark matter, dark energy and the apparent asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the universe. Over the past decades, physicists have thus introduced various frameworks and methods to study physics beyond the SM, one of which is known as the King plot.

The King plot is a graphical technique used to analyze isotope shifts, variations in the energy levels of different isotopes (e.g., atoms of the same element that contain a different number of neutrons). This graphical tool has proved promising for separating effects explained by the SM from signals linked to new physics.

Researchers at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, and ETH Zurich recently collected new measurements that tightened King plot-based constraints on the properties of a hypothetical particle that has not yet been observed, known as a Yukawa-type boson.

Mysterious fast radio burst turns out to be from long-dead NASA satellite

A team of astronomers and astrophysicists affiliated with several institutions in Australia has found that a mysterious fast radio burst (FRB) detected last year originated not from a distant source, but from one circling the planet—a long-dead satellite. The team has posted a paper outlining their findings on the arXiv preprint server.

On June 13, 2024, a team working at the Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder heard something unexpected—a potential FRB that lasted less than 30 nanoseconds. The pulse, they note, was so strong that it eclipsed all of the other signals coming from the sky.

It was originally assumed that the signal had come from some distant object because that is the case for most FRBs. But subsequent analysis showed that it had come from a nearby source.

New study locates neuron clusters that help the brain repay sleep debt

Sleeping deeply into the afternoon after an all-nighter or a late night out is one way the body repays its sleep debt. The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by a homeostatic process in which the body continuously adjusts its physiological systems to maintain a balanced state of rest and alertness.

A new study identified a specific group of neurons called REVglut2 located in the center of the brain, in the thalamus, that may help us uncover how lost sleep is recovered in animals.

The researchers found that in mice, this circuit, consisting of excitatory neurons, is triggered during and induces drowsy behavior, followed by that can last for hours.

Zoning out could be beneficial—and may actually help us learn faster

Aimlessly wandering around a city or exploring the new mall may seem unproductive, but new research from HHMI’s Janelia Research Campus suggests it could play an important role in how our brains learn.

By simultaneously recording the activity of tens of thousands of neurons, a team of scientists from the Pachitariu and Stringer labs discovered that learning may occur even when there are no specific tasks or goals involved.

Published in Nature, the new research finds that as animals explore their environment, neurons in the visual cortex—the brain area responsible for processing —encode visual features to build an internal model of the world. This information can speed up learning when a more concrete task arises.

A universal sleep pattern could help strengthen and separate memories

Although we know sleep is essential to our physical and mental well-being, it remains an incredibly enigmatic behavior, scientifically speaking. Researchers at the University of Michigan, however, may have developed a new hypothesis to account for one of sleep’s looming mysteries.

Every living thing that sleeps appears to follow the same basic pattern. From wakefulness, organisms transition to a repeating cycle of sleep with low followed by a stage where our brains are harder at work, among other things, generating vivid dreams. Humans’ eyes also dance around behind our eyelids during that high-activity stage, which is why it’s referred to as (REM) sleep.

Although there are a few notable exceptions—including people with narcolepsy and people who haven’t slept in days—this repeating non-REM to REM sleep cycle is remarkably prevalent across the .

Physicists confirm elusive quantum spin liquid in new study

An international team of scientists led by Rice University’s Pengcheng Dai has confirmed the existence of emergent photons and fractionalized spin excitations in a rare quantum spin liquid. Published in Nature Physics on June 19, their findings identify the crystalline compound cerium zirconium oxide (Ce₂Zr₂O₇) as a clear 3D realization of this exotic state of matter.

Long a subject of theoretical intrigue, quantum spin liquids offer promise for revolutionary technologies, including and dissipationless energy transmission. By refusing to conform to traditional magnetic behavior, these materials realize emergent quantum electrodynamics via highly quantum-entangled motions of magnetic moments at temperatures near absolute zero.

“We’ve answered a major open question by directly detecting these excitations,” said Dai, the Sam and Helen Worden Professor of Physics and Astronomy. “This confirms that Ce₂Zr₂O₇ behaves as a true quantum spin ice, a special class of quantum spin liquids in three dimensions.”

Near-perfect defects in 2D material could serve as quantum bits

Scientists across the world are working to make quantum technologies viable at scale—an achievement that requires a reliable way to generate qubits, or quantum bits, which are the fundamental units of information in quantum computing.

The task has so far remained elusive, but one of the materials that has garnered a lot of attention as a possible qubit platform is (h-BN), a 2D material that can host solid-state single-photon emitters (SPEs). Like the name indicates, SPEs are atomic structures in solid materials that can produce individual photons.

In a new study published in Science Advances, researchers at Rice University and collaborators at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Technology, Sydney report the first demonstration of low noise, room-temperature quantum emitters in h-BN made through a scalable growth technique.

Photo-switchable DNA condensates enable remote-controlled microflow systems

Remote-controlled microflow using light-controlled state transitions within DNA condensates has been reported by scientists from the Institute of Science Tokyo, Japan. By switching between ultraviolet light (UV) and visible light irradiation, the researchers demonstrated that the novel DNA motifs containing azobenzene can dissociate or reassemble. Furthermore, localized photo-switching within a DNA liquid condensate generated two distinct directional motions. This study can fuel the development of innovative fluid-based diagnostic chips and molecular computers.

Advancements in micro-and nano-scale fabrication technologies have given rise to diverse micrometer-sized entities such as microgels and liposomes, which are widely utilized in therapeutic formulations and microfluidic sensors. The precise control of the structure and function permits the adoption of micro-scale objects in various applications. However, the remote controllability of miniaturized fluidic objects has not yet been realized.

A recent study by scientists from the Institute of Science Tokyo (Science Tokyo), Japan, represents a significant step toward the development of remotely controllable microfluidic objects that are capable of performing mechanical actions. The research team comprised Professor Masahiro Takinoue and Specially Appointed Assistant Professor Hirotake Udono, both from the Department of Computer Science, along with Associate Professor Shin-ichiro M. Nomura from the Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University. Their research findings were published online in Nature Communications on May 14, 2025.

Novel yet simple model provides smooth answer to friction mystery

Atoms slip against one another, eventually sticking in various combinations. Tectonic plates do the same, sliding across each other until they stick in a stationary state. Everything from the tiniest particles to unfathomably large landmasses possesses this fundamental stick and slip characteristic, but only now are scientists beginning to understand the mechanics of the friction underpinning this property.

“The intermittent motion in sliding systems is termed stick-slip since the two surfaces in contact seem to repeat the stick and slip states. However, several have found that extremely slow slip occurs in even apparently stick states before every stick-to-slip transition,” said Toshiki Watanabe, doctoral student in Yokohama National University’s Graduate School of Environmental and Information Sciences, who recently co-authored a paper describing a new model to explain the puzzling switch.

“This strange phenomenon, termed the static paradox, has remained an unsolved problem for decades.”