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Francis Halzen wins Nobel Prize in physics for work on mysterious ghost particles called neutrinos

Francis Halzen won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for his efforts to demystify a rare group of neutrinos, tiny cosmic particles that scientists believe offer clues to how the universe evolved.

“It was a great surprise and I obviously didn’t expect it,” Halzen said, speaking to the committee by phone from Italy, in a call broadcast at the news conference to announce the winner.

Halzen said it was predicted before that he would win the Nobel Prize but the announcement still made him feel “strange.”

Simulated moon soil and recyclable thermoplastics could help build future space infrastructure

Transporting material from Earth to the moon is an expensive proposition: By some estimates, moving a single kilogram (2.2 pounds) can cost more than $1 million. Any plan to build a permanent human habitat up there will depend on bringing that sky-high cost down.

Engineers and planners have long eyed lunar regolith —the small, sharp rocky shards and dust that cover the moon’s surface—as an invaluable and abundant printing ingredient. Now, a Concordia study shows how combining regolith with recycled high-performance plastic could be used to 3D print components onsite for future lunar missions.

The researchers created a composite using lunar regolith simulant and a recycled, high-performance thermoplastic known as poly(ether ketone ketone), or PEKK. They then used the composite to successfully 3D print components designed to absorb energy and deform under load rather than serve as permanent structural components. These structures, known as sacrificial structures, were used to measure how well the composite could withstand stresses similar to those the landing mechanism of a lunar module would have to absorb on impact.

Reading beyond the peaks: Optical analysis decodes spectral complexity in twisted semiconductor layers

A study from the Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), one of the centers under the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), presents a new method to reveal hidden material disorder reflected in complex photoluminescence spectra, paving the way for new optical diagnostics of material disorder in two-dimensional semiconductors and related light-emitting materials.

When two ultrathin semiconductor layers, such as molybdenum diselenide and tungsten diselenide (MoSe2/WSe2), are stacked with a slight twist, they form a repeating pattern called a moiré heterostructure. These structures have unusual light-emitting properties, featuring a complex landscape of photoluminescence spectra across their surface.

While scientists often analyze materials by looking at the individual peaks of their emission spectra, moiré heterostructures produce spectra with many overlapping peaks whose origins are difficult to explain individually.

New chip-based frequency combs demonstrate potential for portable atomic clocks

The world would look radically different without rulers and measuring tapes that fit into a pocket. Carpenters, fashion designers and engineers rely on these trusty tools to check the size of everything from a wooden board to a fabric swatch. But physicists who work with light lack that same convenience for one of the basic measurements of their craft. They routinely need to measure and compare the frequencies—colors—of the light waves they are using.

To date, they have lacked a similarly pocket-sized tool for routine measurements, and they make do with cumbersome equipment that crowds their lab space and is far from portable.

The standard tool for measuring the frequency of light is called an optical frequency comb. This device produces a rainbow of different frequencies of light, all spaced at regular intervals like the tick marks on a measuring tape. Frequency combs let researchers measure the difference between distinct frequencies and are crucial for many experiments and measurements that use light.

Chernobyl particles reveal unexpectedly stable nuclear fuel after 40 years

Four decades after the 1986 nuclear disaster, researchers at Leibniz University Hannover and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) examined six tiny, highly radioactive fragments that were released from the destroyed reactor in Ukraine in the wake of the incident. Analyses show that these “hot particles” are far more stable than had previously been assumed. The findings could allow for more precise assessments of the health risks posed by such radioactive particles. The paper is published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials.

The explosions hurled massive amounts of debris from the nuclear reactor, radioactive dust particles still contaminate the soil around the disaster area, known today as Chernobyl. Measuring only 8 to 50 micrometers, they remain highly radioactive even after 40 years. Even today, people may enter the affected areas only while wearing protective suits.

“There are three classes of these particles,” explains Tobias Weissenborn, a physicist and doctoral candidate at Leibniz University Hannover. “First, there are particles that are chemically and physically still very similar to the nuclear fuel uranium dioxide. Then, there are particles that are partially or fully encased in, or completely fused with, their zirconium layer.”

Stretching boosts thermal and electrical conductivity in new nanocomposite

A joint research team led by professors Seunghyun Baik and Joonmyung Choi from the School of Mechanical Engineering at Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) has developed a new nanocomposite material whose electrical and thermal conductivities increase as it is stretched. The team successfully applied it to stable heat dissipation for foldable phones.

The research is published in Advanced Functional Materials.

Smartphones and electronic devices generate significant heat during operation, which can cause performance throttling or shorten device lifespan if not properly cooled. Next-generation flexible electronics that bend or stretch face particular challenges because heat cannot easily escape during deformation. Typically, stretching a material increases the distance between embedded particles, which reduces both thermal and electrical conduction. However, the research team designed a material that overturns this conventional understanding.

Blue-light labeling uncovers unexpected protein partners of folded DNA structures

DNA can be more than just a double helix. When four strands are folded into a compact bundle, they form a G-quadruplex (G4). These bundles form in guanine-rich regions across the genome, including telomeres at the ends of chromosomes and the control regions of genes, where the proteins that dock onto them help decide which genes are switched on. G4 does not act the same way everywhere. What it does depends on where it forms and which proteins bind to it. This is why understanding the interactions surrounding G4 is so important.

Biochemical assays give us more information about the intricacies of these interactions. These assays assess how DNA and proteins interact during processes such as DNA replication, transcription and repair. However, previous assays haven’t been able to capture the full picture.

A team led by Kazumitsu Onizuka and Shinichi Sato of Tohoku University, with Takanori Oyoshi of Shizuoka University, has developed a photocatalytic proximity labeling method that overcomes previous pitfalls and captures partners that earlier methods missed. The technique also revealed hexokinase-1 to be an unexpected player in these interactions.

A 2-in-1 approach captures toxic metals and recovers rare earth elements from wastewater

We generally throw away a broken camera lens, earphones or an old phone that has stopped working and is beyond repair because they seem useless when they no longer function. However, these objects contain rare earth elements (REEs) that have applications in magnets, superconductivity, optics and batteries, among others. When these objects end up in water, recovering REEs becomes difficult.

Industrial activities can also introduce toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, nickel and manganese into the same water. The challenge is no longer simply how to remove these unwanted, harmful metal pollutants from water, but also how to efficiently recover the valuable REEs.

What if a single strategy could help address both issues? To that end, researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar (IITGN), the University of Cambridge and the University of Birmingham have developed a protocol using a class of highly porous materials called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These materials can efficiently capture toxic metals from water as well as recover valuable REEs from waste streams.

Wave-shaped wall and roof designs can protect against hurricane-force winds

Florida State University faculty are helping build stronger structures by examining how wave-shaped patterns on exterior walls and roofs reduce wind loads on low-rise buildings by up to 60%.

The research, which was published in Engineering Structures, could help architects and engineers combat hurricane-force winds through innovative building shapes.

“Changing a building’s shape can significantly reduce the intensity of wind forces it has to withstand,” said Pedro Fernández-Cabán, one of the co-authors of the work and an assistant professor of civil engineering at the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering. “These nonconventional building shapes reduce the damage from worst-case severe weather scenarios. It’s another tool for engineers and designers to protect against wind damage.”

Blocking a nerve protein could interrupt chronic pain rather than simply mask it

Chronic pain can continue long after an initial injury. When a nerve outside the brain and spinal cord (a peripheral nerve) is damaged and does not heal properly, it keeps sending constant pain signals. Over time, this nonstop bombardment of pain signals changes how your spinal cord and brain process information as sensory and emotion-associated circuits become hyperreactive, turning up the volume on pain.

Current pain treatments do not work well for everyone and can cause significant side effects. Painkillers like morphine just hide the pain, but researchers at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine have identified the underlying problem.

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