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Hidden features in X-rays could radically change how we measure and understand them

Hidden features uncovered in X-ray signals are set to overturn a key scientific theory and fundamentally change how X-rays are interpreted across fields of physics, chemistry, biology and materials science, new research reveals. Researchers say the discovery can help scientists measure X-rays more precisely and reliably, and improve our understanding of common materials, from battery materials to biological proteins.

X-ray science focuses on the unique energy signatures of atoms. These include the specific X-rays emitted when electrons transition into inner shells—the strongest of which are known as K-alpha lines—as well as distinct energy thresholds at which atoms begin to strongly absorb X-rays.

For more than 50 years, the entire field has relied on the assumption that a core parameter in the equation used to model X-ray absorption spectra, known as the standard XAFS equation, is fixed and does not change.

Precision work prior to cell division: How enzymes optimize DNA structure

Before a cell can divide, it has to precisely duplicate its entire genetic information. However, the DNA in the cell exists as part of a DNA-protein complex known as chromatin. For this purpose, the DNA is wrapped around a core of histone proteins and tightly packed into so-called nucleosomes.

So that the genetic material can be reliably copied, the chromatin has to be temporarily reorganized in certain places and adopt a very specific architecture.

A team led by molecular biologists Professor Axel Imhof and Professor Christoph Kurat at the Biomedical Center (BMC) has now deciphered how the precise packaging of DNA is controlled at the beginning of cell division. The work is published in the journal Nature Communications.

Gemini South confirms long-suspected link between the composition of exoplanets and their host stars

Astronomers have discovered that a giant planet, WASP-189b, echoes the composition of its host star, providing the first direct evidence of a foundational concept in astrobiology. This discovery was achieved through the first-ever simultaneous measurement of gaseous magnesium and silicon in a planet’s atmosphere. The team used the Gemini South telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory. The findings are published in the journal Nature Communications.

Almost 320 light-years away in the Libra constellation lies WASP-189b, an exoplanet known as an ultra-hot Jupiter (UHJ). UHJs have temperatures high enough to vaporize rock-forming elements like magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), and iron (Fe), offering a rare opportunity to see these elements using spectroscopy—the technique of breaking up light into its component wavelengths to identify the presence of chemicals.

An international team of astronomers led by Jorge Antonio Sanchez, a graduate student at Arizona State University (ASU), observed WASP-189b using the high-resolution Immersion GRating INfrared Spectrograph (IGRINS) when it was mounted on the Gemini South telescope in Chile. This powerful instrument allowed them to simultaneously measure the magnesium and silicon content of the exoplanet’s atmosphere.

Free software lets laptops simulate how aging evolves under selection

Why do some species live for only weeks while others survive for centuries? Researchers at the Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) in Jena have developed AEGIS, a freely available software tool that enables scientists to simulate evolution on a standard computer and investigate how lifespan and aging evolve under different ecological pressures and genetic constraints.

Described in a new study published in PLoS Computational Biology, the platform represents years of development and marks an important milestone in the evolutionary biology of aging.

Aging is not a fixed property of life. Across the tree of life, species differ dramatically when they start to age, how fast they age, and how long they live. Understanding what evolutionary forces produced this diversity is one of the deepest open questions in biology.

Accuracy test for protein language models shines light into AI ‘black box’

AI language models, used to generate human-like text to power chatbots and create content, are also revolutionizing biology by treating complex biological data like a language. Language models are increasingly used, for example, to find patterns in DNA and proteins, to make predictions and speed research into biological complexity. A critical gap, however, is the lack of a method to estimate the reliability of these predictions.

Computational biologists at Emory University have bridged this gap, developing a simple way to test the accuracy of a language model’s understanding of proteins. Nature Methods has published their system, which scores the reliability of a model’s predictions by comparing how it embeds (numerically codifies) synthetic random proteins versus proteins found in nature.

“To the best of our knowledge, our framework is the first generalized method to quantify protein sequence embedding reliability,” says Yana Bromberg, senior author of the paper and Emory professor of biology and computer science.

Liftoff! NASA’s Artemis II Launch Sends Astronauts Around the Moon for First Time in 50 Years

NASA has launched four astronauts on Artemis II, the first crewed mission to fly around the Moon in more than 50 years.

Riding aboard the powerful SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft, the crew is on a 10-day test flight to prove critical systems, perform manual operations, and travel farther than any humans have in decades.

NASA artemis II launch begins historic crewed moon mission.

Astronomers Discover Strange “Inside-Out” Planetary System That Defies Cosmic Rules

A newly studied planetary system appears to break the expected order of worlds, revealing an unusual arrangement that current theories struggle to explain. “Many Vile Earthlings Munch Jam Sandwiches Under Newspapers” and “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos” may sound like nonsense, but

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