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Rethinking Our Place in the Universe

The new map of the Universe’s expansion history released by the DESI Collaboration offers hints at a breakdown of the standard model of cosmology.

For nearly a century, we have known that our Universe is expanding. For the past quarter-century, we have also known that this expansion is accelerating, a discovery that earned the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics [1, 2]. But what is the mysterious “dark energy” that drives this acceleration? The simplest explanation involves what Einstein dubbed a “cosmological constant” (Λ) and implies that dark energy is a constant energy inherent to spacetime itself. This idea is the cornerstone of the standard model of cosmology, the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, which for decades has consistently explained all available astronomical observations. Now high-precision measurements of the Universe’s expansion history are putting this model to its most stringent test yet. The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) has created a cosmic map of unprecedented scale (Fig. 1) [3–9].

How a Molecular Motor Minimizes Energy Waste

Turning a biologically important molecular motor at a constant rate saves energy, according to experiments.

Within every biological cell is an enzyme, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, that churns out energy-rich molecules for fueling the cell’s activity. New experiments investigate the functioning of this “energy factory” by artificially cranking one of the enzyme’s molecular motors [1]. The results suggest that maintaining a fixed rotation rate minimizes energy waste caused by microscopic fluctuations. Future work could confirm the role of efficiency in the evolutionary design of biological motors.

ATP synthase consists of two rotating molecular motors, Fo and F1, that are oriented along a common rotation axis and locked together so that the rotation of Fo exerts a torque on the shaft in the middle of F1. The resulting motion within F1 helps bring together the chemical ingredients of the molecule ATP, which stores energy that can later be used in cellular processes.

Virtual particles: How physicists’ clever bookkeeping trick could underlie reality

A clever mathematical tool known as virtual particles unlocks the strange and mysterious inner workings of subatomic particles. What happens to these particles within atoms would stay unexplained without this tool. The calculations using virtual particles predict the bizarre behavior of subatomic particles with such uncanny accuracy that some scientists think “they must really exist.”

Virtual particles are not real—it says so right in their name—but if you want to understand how real particles interact with each other, they are unavoidable. They are essential tools to describe three of the forces found in nature: electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces.

Real particles are lumps of energy that can be “seen” or detected by appropriate instruments; this feature is what makes them observable, or real. Virtual particles, on the other hand, are a sophisticated mathematical tool and cannot be seen. Physicist Richard Feynman invented them to describe the interactions between real particles.

Strontium optical lattice clock exhibits record-high coherence time

Optical lattice clocks are emerging timekeeping devices based on tens of thousands of ultracold atoms trapped in an optical lattice (i.e., a grid of laser light). By oscillating between two distinct quantum states at a particular frequency, these atoms could help to measure time with much higher precision than existing clocks, which would be highly advantageous for the study of various fundamental physical processes and systems.

Researchers at JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Chicago recently developed an clock based on strontium atoms that was keeping time with remarkable precision and accuracy. The new strontium , introduced in a paper published in Physical Review Letters, could open new possibilities for research aimed at testing variations in fundamental physics constants and the timing of specific physical phenomena.

“We have been pushing the performance of the optical lattice clock,” Kyungtae Kim, first author of the paper, told Phys.org. “Thanks to a major upgrade from 2019 to 2021, we demonstrated record differential frequency measurement capability, reaching a resolution of gravitational redshift below the 1-mm scale, as well as record accuracy (until this July) as a frequency standard. To push the performance further, one needs to understand and model the current system. This work provides a detailed snapshot of the clock’s current operation.”

‘FlyingToolbox’ drone system achieves accurate mid-air tool exchange despite airflow interference

Flying manipulator robots have shown themselves to be useful in many applications, such as industrial maintenance or construction. Their utility in hard to reach or hazardous locations makes them particularly promising in applications that put humans at risk. While these machines have been continuously improving over the years, they are still lacking in certain areas.

One difficulty for drones in the past has been the ability to stack on top of one another and work cooperatively while in flight. This ability is useful for things like swapping tools, similar to the way a nurse might hand different tools to a doctor during a procedure—allowing the doctor (or manipulator drone) to work uninterrupted.

The difficulty comes from something called “downwash,” which is a strong movement of air generated between two drones that interferes with their precise movements and docking procedures. However, a team of researchers from Westlake University in China has designed a new system of micro-aerial vehicles (MAVs) capable of exchanging tools with impressive precision while flying. The design and on the “FlyingToolbox” are documented in their new study, published in Nature.

‘Playing to your strengths’ improves well-being in adult ADHD, new research shows

Adults with ADHD who recognize and regularly use their personal strengths report better well-being, improved quality of life and fewer mental health difficulties, according to a new international study.

During October’s ADHD Awareness Month, which this year focuses on “the many faces of ADHD,” researchers from the University of Bath, King’s College London, and Radboud University Medical Center in the Netherlands have delivered the first large-scale study to quantify psychological strengths in ADHD.

The study, published in Psychological Medicine, compared 200 adults with ADHD and 200 adults without ADHD on how much they identified with 25 positive traits—including creativity, humor, spontaneity and hyperfocus—defined by researchers as “things [they] do well or best.”

Social threat perceptions in youth linked to altered brain connectivity

Researchers at UCL Institute of Education, King’s College London, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and UCLA report that perceived social threats in early adolescence are associated with altered connectivity in default mode, dorsal attention, frontoparietal, and cingulo-opercular networks and with higher mental health symptom scores months later.

Adolescence is a difficult age, a time of rapid neurobiological and psychological change amidst shifting . In 2021, CDC reported that 40% of U.S. struggled with persistent sadness or hopelessness, and more than one in six had made a suicide plan.

Perceived threats in a child’s social environment, within the family, at school, and in the neighborhood, are known risk factors for adolescent psychopathology.

Instructions help you remember something better than emotions or a good night’s sleep, scientists find

A good night’s sleep has long been understood to help us consolidate new memories, but we don’t understand how. Associations with negative feelings like fear or stress can improve recall, but intentionally trying to remember can also be effective. But these two mechanisms are very different—one involuntary, one deliberate. Which influences memory most?

To investigate, researchers asked participants to remember or forget words, some of which had negative emotional associations. They found that instructions improved recall more than emotion.

“What we intend to remember and to forget can be powerful,” said Dr. Laura Kurdziel of Merrimack College, lead author of the article in Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. “We have more control over our memories than we often think we do.”

Scientists reverse Alzheimer’s in mice using nanoparticles

A research team co-led by the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) and West China Hospital Sichuan University (WCHSU), working with partners in the UK, has demonstrated a nanotechnology strategy that reverses Alzheimer’s disease in mice.

Unlike traditional nanomedicine, which relies on nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic molecules, this approach employs nanoparticles that are bioactive in their own right: “supramolecular drugs.” The work has been published in Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.

Instead of targeting neurons directly, the therapy restores the proper function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the vascular gatekeeper that regulates the brain’s environment. By repairing this critical interface, the researchers achieved a reversal of Alzheimer’s pathology in animal models.

Epigenetic shifts link maternal infection during pregnancy to higher risk of offspring developing schizophrenia

The health of mothers during pregnancy has long been known to play a role in the lifelong mental and physical health of offspring. Recent studies have found that contracting an infection during pregnancy can increase the risk that offspring will develop some neurodevelopmental disorders, conditions that are associated with the atypical maturation of some parts of the brain.

An infection is an invasion of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, which can then multiply and colonize host tissues. Findings suggest that when an expecting mother contracts an infection, her immune system can respond to it in ways that could impact the development of the fetus.

Researchers at University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan University recently carried out a study aimed at further investigating the processes through which maternal infections during pregnancy could increase the risk that offspring will develop schizophrenia later in life. Schizophrenia is a typically debilitating mental health condition characterized by hallucinations, false beliefs about oneself or the world (e.g., delusions) and cognitive impairments.

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