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Study reveals an increase in adenomas and advanced adenomas in younger adults, alongside a rise in colorectal cancer incidence in males under 50, suggesting a need for earlier screening, particularly in men.
Genome and Structure:
HIVâs genome is a 9.7 kb linear positive-sense ssRNA.1 There is a m7G-cap (specifically the standard eukaryotic m7GpppG as added by the hostâs enzymes) at the 5â end of the genome and a poly-A tail at the 3â end of the genome.2 The genome also has a 5â-LTR and 3â-LTR (long terminal repeats) that aid its integration into the host genome after reverse transcription, that facilitate HIV genetic regulation, and that play a variety of other important functional roles. In particular, it should be noted that the integrated 5âUTR contains the HIV promoter called U3.3,4
HIVâs genome translates three polyproteins (as well as several accessory proteins). The Gag polyprotein contains the HIV structural proteins. The Gag-Pol polyprotein contains (within its Pol component) the enzymes viral protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase. The Gag-Pol polyprotein is produced via a −1 ribosomal frameshift at the end of Gag translation. Because of the lower efficiency of this frameshift, Gag-Pol is synthesized 20-fold less frequently than Gag.5 The frameshiftâs mechanism depends upon a slippery heptanucleotide sequence UUUUUUA and a downstream RNA secondary structure called the frameshift stimulatory signal (FSS).6 This FSS controls the efficiency of the frameshift process.
An anomalous Floquet topological insulator (AFTI) is a periodically driven topological insulator (TI with nonzero winding numbers to support topological edge modes, though its standard topological invariants like Chern numbers are zero.
The photonic lattice constructed by an optical waveguide array fabricated by the femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) is an important platform for quantum simulation to realize photonic AFTIs, because the FLDW offers flexible design of true three-dimensional (3D) waveguide structures and precise control of each coupling between waveguides. Moreover, the evolution distance of the lattice can be mapped as the evolution time.
In femtosecond-laser-direct-written photonic AFTIs, selective coupling of adjacent waveguides in a cycle is explicitly defined by the discrete periodically driving protocol. At the complete transfer discrete driving protocol, chiral edge modes co-exist with dispension-less bulk modes, and the lattice energy transfer efficiency of the chiral edge mode is the highest among all TIs (close to 100%), so it is very suitable for the transport of fragile quantum states.
On the highway of heat transfer, thermal energy is moved by way of quantum particles called phonons. But at the nanoscale of todayâs most cutting-edge semiconductors, those phonons donât remove enough heat. Thatâs why Purdue University researchers are focused on opening a new nanoscale lane on the heat transfer highway by using hybrid quasiparticles called âpolaritons.â
Thomas Beechem loves heat transfer. He talks about it loud and proud, like a preacher at a big tent revival.
âWe have several ways of describing energy,â said Beechem, associate professor of mechanical engineering. âWhen we talk about light, we describe it in terms of particles called âphotons.â Heat also carries energy in predictable ways, and we describe those waves of energy as âphonons.â But sometimes, depending on the material, photons and phonons will come together and make something new called a âpolariton.â It carries energy in its own way, distinct from both photons or phonons.â
Google launched Gemini, their GPT4 killer, and it beats GPT4 in almost every way. Some of the demos are absolutely insane. Letâs go over all the news! Enjoy smile Become a Patron đ„ â https://patreon.com/MatthewBerman Join the Discord đŹ â https://discord.gg/xxysSXBxFW Follow me on Twitter đ§ â https://twitter.com/matthewberman Subscribe to my Substack đïž â https://matthewberman.substack.com/ Media/Sponsorship Inquiries đ â https://bit.ly/44TC45V Need AI Consulting? â â https://forwardfuture.ai/ Massed Compute (GPU Rental) đ â https://bit.ly/matthew-berman-youtube Links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jV1vkHv4zq8 https://developers.googleblog.com/2023/12/how-its-made-geminâŠpting.html https://deepmind.google/technologies/gemini/#introduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIZAiXYceBI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPiOP_CB54A https://www.youtube.com/watch?
A new theory suggests that the unification between quantum physics and general relativity has eluded scientists for 100 years because huge âfluctuationsâ in space and time mean that gravity wonât play by quantum rules.
Since the early 20th century, two revolutionary theories have defined our fundamental understanding of the physics that governs the universe. Quantum physics describes the physics of the small, at scales tinier than the atom, telling us how fundamental particles like electrons and photons interact and are governed. General relativity, on the other hand, describes the universe at tremendous scales, telling us how planets move around stars, how stars can die and collapse to birth black holes, and how galaxies cluster together to build the largest structures in the cosmos.
A quantum property dubbed âmagicâ could be the key to explaining how space and time emerged, a new mathematical analysis by three RIKEN physicists suggests. The research is published in the journal Physical Review D.
Itâs hard to conceive of anything more basic than the fabric of spacetime that underpins the universe, but theoretical physicists have been questioning this assumption. âPhysicists have long been fascinated about the possibility that space and time are not fundamental, but rather are derived from something deeper,â says Kanato Goto of the RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS).
This notion received a boost in the 1990s, when theoretical physicist Juan Maldacena related the gravitational theory that governs spacetime to a theory involving quantum particles. In particular, he imagined a hypothetical spaceâwhich can be pictured as being enclosed in something like an infinite soup can, or âbulkââholding objects like black holes that are acted on by gravity. Maldacena also imagined particles moving on the surface of the can, controlled by quantum mechanics. He realized that mathematically a quantum theory used to describe the particles on the boundary is equivalent to a gravitational theory describing the black holes and spacetime inside the bulk.
A RIKEN physicist and two colleagues have found that a wormholeâa bridge connecting distant regions of the Universeâhelps to shed light on the mystery of what happens to information about matter consumed by black holes.
Einsteinâs theory of general relativity predicts that nothing that falls into a black hole can escape its clutches. But in the 1970s, Stephen Hawking calculated that black holes should emit radiation when quantum mechanics, the theory governing the microscopic realm, is considered. âThis is called black hole evaporation because the black hole shrinks, just like an evaporating water droplet,â explains Kanato Goto of the RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences.
This, however, led to a paradox. Eventually, the black hole will evaporate entirelyâand so too will any information about its swallowed contents. But this contradicts a fundamental dictum of quantum physics: that information cannot vanish from the Universe. âThis suggests that general relativity and quantum mechanics as they currently stand are inconsistent with each other,â says Goto. âWe have to find a unified framework for quantum gravity.â
Black holes really are giant fuzzballs, a new study says.
The study attempts to put to rest the debate over Stephen Hawkingâs famous information paradox, the problem created by Hawkingâs conclusion that any data that enters a black hole can never leave. This conclusion accorded with the laws of thermodynamics, but opposed the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics.
âWhat we found from string theory is that all the mass of a black hole is not getting sucked in to the center,â said Samir Mathur, lead author of the study and professor of physics at The Ohio State University. âThe black hole tries to squeeze things to a point, but then the particles get stretched into these strings, and the strings start to stretch and expand and it becomes this fuzzball that expands to fill up the entirety of the black hole.â
Black holes arenât surrounded by a burning ring of fire after all, suggests new research.
Some physicists have believed in a âfirewallâ around the perimeter of a black hole that would incinerate anything sucked into its powerful gravitational pull.
But a team from The Ohio State University has calculated an explanation of what would happen if an electron fell into a typical black hole, with a mass as big as the sun.