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A skeleton and a shell? Ancient fossil finally finds home on the tree of life

Skeleton season may be just around the corner, but the skeleton age dawned with the early Cambrian Period, about 538 million to 506 million years ago.

In this time span, most major animal groups independently evolved methods to build mineral skeletons or shells, usually in one of two ways: They either built up mineral tissues using organic scaffolding, like how we grow our bones and teeth, or they gathered materials from their environment and “glued” them together in a protective coating.

Then they stuck with that technique for the next 540 million-plus years. One notable exception can be found in the fossilized remains of Salterella, a tiny creature that thrived in the early Cambrian and is so common in rocks from that time that paleontologists use it as an index fossil to orient themselves in time.

Hackers Deploy Linux Rootkits via Cisco SNMP Flaw in ‘Zero Disco’ Attacks

Cybersecurity researchers have disclosed details of a new campaign that exploited a recently disclosed security flaw impacting Cisco IOS Software and IOS XE Software to deploy Linux rootkits on older, unprotected systems.

The activity, codenamed Operation Zero Disco by Trend Micro, involves the weaponization of CVE-2025–20352 (CVSS score: 7.7), a stack overflow vulnerability in the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) subsystem that could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code by sending crafted SNMP packets to a susceptible device. The intrusions have not been attributed to any known threat actor or group.

The shortcoming was patched by Cisco late last month, but not before it was exploited as a zero-day in real-world attacks.

Disconnected cerebral hemisphere in epilepsy patients shows sleep-like state during wakefulness

Sleep-like slow-wave patterns persist for years in surgically disconnected neural tissue of awake epilepsy patients, according to a study published in PLOS Biology by Marcello Massimini from Universita degli Studi di Milano, Italy, and colleagues.

The presence of slow waves in the isolated hemisphere impairs consciousness; however, whether they serve any functional or plastic role remains unclear.

Hemispherotomy is a used to treat severe cases of epilepsy in children. The goal of this procedure is to achieve maximal disconnection of the diseased neural tissue, potentially encompassing an entire hemisphere, from the rest of the brain to prevent the spread of seizures.

Genome-Wide Variation Profile of the Genus Tobamovirus

The genus Tobamovirus belongs to the family Virgaviridae, and the genome consists of monopartite, positive, single-strand RNA. Most species contain four open reading frames encoding four essential proteins. Transmission occurs primarily through mechanical contact between plants, and in some cases, via seed dispersal. Tobamovirus fructirugosum (tomato brown rugose fruit virus, ToBRFV), the most recently described species in the genus, was first reported in 2015. It overcame genetic resistance that had been effective in tomato for sixty years, causing devastating losses in tomato production worldwide, and highlights the importance of understanding Tobamovirus genomic variation and evolution. In this study, we measured and characterized nucleotide variation for the entire genome and for all species in the genus Tobamovirus.

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