Lifeboat Foundation

While we have established, using rank-based methods, that the simulated annealing algorithm outperforms other randomization techniques in preserving the empirical network’s strength sequence, we have not quantified how well the different models preserve the strength distribution. The level to which the empirical strength distribution is preserved in a null network is crucial, because it ensures an accurate representation of influential graph features, such as hubs, whose importance is intricately tied to characteristics of the distribution.

To assess the goodness of fit between the strength distributions of the empirical and the randomized structural networks, we superimpose their cumulative distribution functions (Fig. 2b and Supplementary Fig. 8). Across all datasets, the curves produced via simulated annealing show the best match to the empirical strength cumulative distribution function with almost perfect superposition. Furthermore, the curves obtained using the Rubinov–Sporns and the Maslov–Sneppen algorithms show considerably more variability across null networks as shown by their wider spread, recapitulating previously observed patterns of underestimation and overestimation across datasets (see ‘Null model calibration’ section in Supplementary Information). To confirm these observations quantitatively, we compute Kolmogorov–Smirnov test statistics between the cumulative strength distributions of the empirical and each randomized network, measuring the maximum distance between them (Fig. 2b and Supplementary Fig. 8). Across all datasets, the simulated annealing algorithm outperforms the other two null models with significantly lower Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistics (P ≈ 0, CLES of 100% for all two-tailed, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney two-sample rank-sum tests). Furthermore, in the HCP dataset and the higher resolution Lausanne network, the Rubinov–Sporns algorithm generated cumulative strength distributions with slightly worse correspondence to the empirical distribution than the cumulative strength distributions yielded by the Maslov–Sneppen algorithm (LAU, high resolution: P 10⁻¹⁷⁶, CLES of 61.58%; HCP: P ≈ 0, CLES of 100% for all empirical networks, two-tailed, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney two-sample rank-sum test).

As an illustration, we consider whether the nulls generated by different algorithms recapitulate fundamental characteristics associated with the empirical strength distribution. Namely, we focus on the heavy tailedness of the strength distribution (that is, does the null network also have a heavy-tailed strength distribution, suggesting the presence of hubs?) and the spatial location of high-strength hub nodes. We assess heavy tailedness and identify hubs using the nonparametric procedure outlined in refs. ^73,74 (see Methods for more details).

Researchers have created nearly freestanding nanostructured two-dimensional (2D) gold monolayers, an impressive feat of nanomaterial engineering that could open up new avenues in catalysis, electronics, and energy conversion.

The research has been published in Nature Communications.

Gold is an inert metal which typically forms a solid three-dimensional (3D) structure. However, in its 2D form, it can unlock extraordinary properties, such as unique electronic behaviors, enhanced surface reactivity, and immense potential for revolutionary applications in catalysis and advanced electronics.

Quantum computers differ fundamentally from classical ones. Instead of using bits (0s and 1s), they employ “qubits,” which can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement.

For a quantum computer to simulate dynamic processes or process data, among other essential tasks, it must translate complex input data into “quantum data” that it can understand. This process is known as quantum compilation.

Essentially, quantum compilation “programs” the quantum computer by converting a particular goal into an executable sequence. Just as the GPS app converts your desired destination into a sequence of actionable steps you can follow, quantum compilation translates a high-level goal into a precise sequence of quantum operations that the quantum computer can execute.

Higher levels of omega-6 fatty acids often found in ultraprocessed foods may interfere with the immune system’s fight against cancer cells, a new study says.

For centuries, gravity has been one of the most captivating and puzzling forces in the universe. Thanks to the groundbreaking work of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, we have a robust understanding of how gravity governs the behavior of planets, stars, and even galaxies. Yet, when we look at extreme scenarios, such as the intense gravitational fields near black holes or the mysterious quantum world, our understanding starts to break down. New research and theories, however, suggest that the key to solving these mysteries may finally be within reach.

In our daily lives, gravity is a constant presence. It’s what keeps us grounded to the Earth, dictates the orbits of planets, and ensures that satellites stay in orbit around our planet. Thanks to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, scientists have been able to make highly accurate predictions about the movement of celestial bodies, calculate tides, and even send probes to the farthest reaches of the solar system.

Yet, when gravity’s effects become more extreme—such as inside black holes or during the birth of the universe—it becomes much more difficult to model. Similarly, when we turn our attention to the quantum realm of subatomic particles, Einstein’s theory breaks down. To understand phenomena like the Big Bang or the inner workings of black holes, physicists have long known that we need a new, unified theory of gravity.

The semiconductor industry’s long held imperative—Moore’s Law, which dictates that transistor densities on a chip should double roughly every two years—is getting more and more difficult to maintain. The ability to shrink down transistors, and the interconnects between them, is hitting some basic physical limitations. In particular, when copper interconnects are scaled down, their resistivity skyrockets, which decreases how much information they can carry and increases their energy draw.

The industry has been looking for alternative interconnect materials to prolong the march of Moore’s Law a bit longer. Graphene is a very attractive optionin many ways: The sheet-thin carbon material offers excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and is stronger than diamond.

However, researchers have struggled to incorporate graphene into mainstream computing applications for two main reasons. First, depositing graphene requires high temperatures that are incompatible with traditional CMOS manufacturing. And second, the charge carrier density of undoped, macroscopic graphene sheets is relatively low.

Continue reading “Graphene Interconnects to Moore’s Law’s Rescue” »

Researchers have developed a device that can simultaneously measure six markers of brain health. The sensor, which is inserted through the skull into the brain, can pull off this feat thanks to an artificial intelligence (AI) system that pieces apart the six signals in real time.

Being able to continuously monitor biomarkers in patients with traumatic brain injury could improve outcomes by catching swelling or bleeding early enough for doctors to intervene. But most existing devices measure just one marker at a time. They also tend to be made with metal, so they can’t easily be used in combination with magnetic resonance imaging.

Simultaneous access to measurements could improve outcomes for brain injuries.

Continue reading “AI-enhanced brain sensor tracks poorly understood chemistry” »

This tech offers smarter decision-making and regional analysis.

Spaid’s AI-based mapping solutions transform GIS data into detailed 3D maps with land, building, traffic, and demographic insights.

Black holes have long fascinated scientists, known for their ability to trap anything that crosses their event horizon. But what if there were a counterpart to black holes? Enter the white hole—a theoretical singularity where nothing can enter, but energy and matter are expelled with immense force.

First proposed in the 1970s, white holes are essentially black holes in reverse. They rely on the same equations of general relativity but with time flowing in the opposite direction. While a black hole pulls matter in and lets nothing escape, a white hole would repel matter, releasing high-energy radiation and light.

Despite their intriguing properties, white holes face significant scientific challenges. The laws of thermodynamics, particularly entropy, make it improbable for matter to move backward in time, as white holes would require. Additionally, introducing a singularity into the Universe without a preceding collapse defies current understanding of cosmic evolution.