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Category: cosmology – Page 220

“Early Dark Energy” Could Explain the Crisis in Cosmology

In 1916, Einstein finished his Theory of General Relativity, which describes how gravitational forces alter the curvature of spacetime. Among other things, this theory predicted that the Universe is expanding, which was confirmed by the observations of Edwin Hubble in 1929. Since then, astronomers have looked farther into space (and hence, back in time) to measure how fast the Universe is expanding – aka. the Hubble Constant. These measurements have become increasingly accurate thanks to the discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and observatories like the Hubble Space Telescope.

Astronomers have traditionally done this in two ways: directly measuring it locally (using variable stars and supernovae) and indirectly based on redshift measurements of the CMB and cosmological models. Unfortunately, these two methods have produced different values over the past decade. As a result, astronomers have been looking for a possible solution to this problem, known as the “Hubble Tension.” According to a new paper by a team of astrophysicists, the existence of “Early Dark Energy” may be the solution cosmologists have been looking for.

The study was conducted by Marc Kamionkowski, the William R. Kenan, a junior professor of physics and astronomy at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), and Adam G. Riess – an astrophysicist and Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at JHU and the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Their paper, titled “The Hubble Tension and Early Dark Energy,” is being reviewed for publication in the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science (ARNP). As they explain in their paper, there are two methods for measuring cosmic expansion.

James Webb Just Detected A Huge Structure Older Than The Universe!

The big bang is one of the most fascinating topics you can bring up when conversing with scientists and astronomers. This is because the theory talks about how the whole universe started in the first place. However, the event that led to the big bang is one thing that is being argued among scientists today.

For this reason, the James Webb Telescope was called in to make some findings about the big bang. The JWST found something quite alright, but it wasn’t something the scientist had prepared their minds for. What did the James Webb Telescope discover, and in what way would it affect the Big Bang Theory?

Join us as we explore the James Webb telescope’s terrifying discovery before the big bang.

It all began when an astronomer sighted a discovery made by the James Webb Telescope. Astronomer Rohan Naidu was at home with his girlfriend when he discovered the galaxy that almost broke cosmology. He was inspecting some of the images the James Webb Telescope sent earlier when one of the images caught his attention. The telescope had identified an object that Naidu recognized as mysteriously huge. It dates back to the big bang era, making it older than any galaxy we once knew in science. It was a shocking discovery for him, as he called his girlfriend to observe the most distant starlight too. He was praised for this discovery by his team, and then they got to work. A few days later, Naidu and his team published a paper on the discovered galaxy called “GLASS-z13.” It was a discovery that had the whole world of science come to a standstill, as no one expected such a discovery to be made by the James Webb Telescope.

The James Webb Telescope made this ancient galaxy discovery just a few weeks after it went into operation. It was a huge achievement because if such a discovery could be made a few weeks into the telescope’s launch, what next would it discover? The JWST, the most powerful telescope currently in use by scientists and astronomers and the Hubble Space Telescope’s successor, was built to make us understand our universe better, and it is already achieving that feat. The telescope is 1.5 million kilometers away from earthly interference, where it orbits the sun. It is equipped with a sunshade about the size of a tennis court, with huge segmented mirrors and very sensitive tools designed to detect details about the universe and its entirety that have never been explored.

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How NASA Will 3D Print Houses On The Moon!

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U.S. Dept of Energy Breakthrough: Detecting Dark Matter With Quantum Computers

Dark matter makes up about 27% of the matter and energy budget in the universe, but scientists do not know much about it. They do know that it is cold, meaning that the particles that make up dark matter are slow-moving. It is also difficult to detect dark matter directly because it does not interact with light. However, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) have discovered a way to use quantum computers to look for dark matter.

Aaron Chou, a senior scientist at Fermilab, works on detecting dark matter through quantum science. As part of DOE’s Office of High Energy Physics QuantISED program, he has developed a way to use qubits, the main component of quantum computing.

Performing computation using quantum-mechanical phenomena such as superposition and entanglement.

A hyperactive sunspot to result in solar flares

The effects of solar activity are predicted to reach the Earth’s atmosphere by December 8.

The earth is all set to experience another set of solar flares, which is estimated to reach our atmosphere by December 8. After a relatively calmer period of solar activity, we are about to experience a high-velocity gush of solar winds and minor geomagnetic storms. The intensity of the storm expected is classified as G1, the least intense solar storm.

Images taken of the sun on December 4 by Eduardo Schaberger Poupeau, an astrophotographer, revealed five significant sunspots and two filaments of magnetism facing Earth.

NASA/SDO

According to NASA, a solar flare is described as an “intense burst of radiation coming from the release of magnetic energy associated with sunspots.” It is considered to be the largest explosive event in our solar system. “They are seen as bright areas in the sun and they can last from minutes to hours.”

Scientists suggest sending atomic clocks near the Sun to search for dark matter

Ultralight dark matter has wavelike properties that could affect the operation of the clocks.

For decades, scientists have been trying to wrap their heads around the dark matter, which makes up an estimated 85 percent of the mass in the universe. Despite experimental efforts running for decades, researchers have only been able to observe the essence, not quite detect it.

Now, a new study published in Nature Astronomy on December 5 revealed that an atomic clock on-board a spacecraft inside the inner depths of the solar system could search for ultralight dark matter. The latter has wavelike properties that could affect the operation of the clocks.

Latest Webb Results Could Literally Break All Cosmology

The James Webb Space Telescope has finally made its first dark matter observations, and the results could lead us to new physics. They have questioned our understanding of dark matter and the large-scale structure-formation of the Universe. Dark matter is one of the most mysterious entities in the cosmos. Our best cosmological models show that 27% of the observable Universe is made of dark matter. We can’t see it, but its existence can be inferred because of its effect on surrounding baryonic matter. The true nature of dark matter is still one of the biggest mysteries in cosmology. The most successful cosmological model to date, the lambda cold dark matter or the LCDM model, makes a critical prediction regarding dark matter. It says that cold dark matter played an important role to form the large-scale structures we observe today.

So far, we did not have the technology to test this prediction. But the James Webb Space Telescope opened the windows to the first billion years and the last unexplored era in the history of the Universe. The super-early galaxies discovered by Webb in its Early Release Science program provided an opportunity to test the predictions made by the LCDM model. And when astronomers did that, the results were completely unexpected. So what do these primordial galaxies discovered by Webb tell us? What did Webb find in its first dark matter observations? Finally, and most importantly, how can these results change the course of cosmology?

The 36th episode of the Sunday Discovery Series answers all these questions in detail.

All Episodes Of The Series: https://bit.ly/369kG4p.
Basics of Astrophysics series: https://bit.ly/3xII54M

REFERENCES:

JWST high-z galaxies constraints on warm and cold dark matter models, Maio and Viel — https://bit.ly/3B8kcZ0

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