The graphical abstract showcases the diversity of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) influencing protein structure and function. It features schematic representations of the following 10 prominent PTMs: phosphorylation (addition of phosphate groups), acetylation (addition of acetyl groups), methylation (addition of methyl groups), SUMOylation (attachment of SUMO proteins), ubiquitylation (attachment of ubiquitin molecules), succinylation (addition of succinyl groups), S-nitrosylation (attachment of NO), ADP-ribosylation (addition of ADP-ribose groups), glycosylation (addition of sugar molecules), and palmitoylation (attachment of palmitate groups).