People have long noticed that the waters around Cabo Frio are unusually cool.
When European explorers first surveyed the coastline of what is now the state of Rio de Janeiro in the early 1500s, they encountered white sands, turquoise waters, shallow lagoons, and lush green mountains rising from the sea. The waters in one area, however, were unusually cool—so much so that the promontory in southeastern Brazil shown above was named Cabo Frio, Portuguese for “Cape Cold.”
Landsat 9’s OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) captured this image of Cabo Frio’s diverse coastline on September 16, 2023. The map (below) shows that surface waters that day were cooler off of Cabo Frio than in the surrounding waters. The pattern is common: Upwelling of cold water from deeper in the ocean to the surface often chills Cabo Frio’s surface waters by several degrees.
Animals exhibit a diverse behavioral repertoire when exploring new environments and can learn which actions or action sequences produce positive outcomes. Dopamine release upon encountering reward is critical for reinforcing reward-producing actions1 – 3. However, it has been challenging to understand how credit is assigned to the exact action that produced dopamine release during continuous behavior. We investigated this problem with a novel self-stimulation paradigm in which specific spontaneous movements triggered optogenetic stimulation of dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine self-stimulation rapidly and dynamically changes the structure of the entire behavioral repertoire. Initial stimulations reinforced not only the stimulation-producing target action, but also actions similar to target and actions that occurred a few seconds before stimulation. Repeated pairings led to gradual refinement of the behavioral repertoire to home in on the target. Reinforcement of action sequences revealed further temporal dependencies of refinement. Action pairs spontaneously separated by long time intervals promoted a stepwise credit assignment, with early refinement of actions most proximal to stimulation and subsequent refinement of more distal actions. Thus, a retrospective reinforcement mechanism promotes not only reinforcement, but gradual refinement of the entire behavioral repertoire to assign credit to specific actions and action sequences that lead to dopamine release.
F.C. is the Director of Open Ephys Production Site.
Security researchers have detailed a new variant of a dynamic link library (DLL) search order hijacking technique that could be used by threat actors to bypass security mechanisms and achieve execution of malicious code on systems running Microsoft Windows 10 and Windows 11.
The approach “leverages executables commonly found in the trusted WinSxS folder and exploits them via the classic DLL search order hijacking technique,” cybersecurity firm Security Joes said in a new report exclusively shared with The Hacker News.
A nice talk. At 18 minutes dude says healthspan is way more important than lifespan. Never mind that large sign behind him that says lifespan. But, not to knock it too much, yes healthspan is important too.
Attractive people had higher-rated communication skills than unattractive people.
“Physical attractiveness raises social and communication skills, which in return raise an employer’s estimate of the worker’s productivity,” researchers Mobius and Rosenblat write. “We assume that the employer is unaware of these biases and hence does not correct for them.”
This has a major impact over the course of a career. Research shows that raising kids’ social skills is a better predictor of lifetime earnings than raising their intellectual ability.
Research on an ancient spiral galaxy reveals crucial insights into early galaxy formation, highlighting rapid star formation and unique structural features compared to contemporary galaxies.
A new snapshot of an ancient, far-off galaxy could help scientists understand how it formed and the origins of our own Milky Way.
A MIT research group has demonstrated the ability to mind-control a 4-legged Boston Robotics Spot. Participants wore a pair of AttentivU smart glasses with built-in electrodes that can mind-read. They were able to tell the robotic dog to fetch items and move about by thoughts alone.
Hollins is a veterinarian who has cared for the elderly tortoise and three other land tortoises on St. Helena Island since 2009.
Last year, St. Helena’s governor, Nigel Phillips, gave Jonathan an unofficial hatch date of Dec. 4, 1832, but Hollins still celebrates on New Year’s Day.
“It’s not his birthday, but celebrating his year of age, whatever that may be,” Hollins said.
Watch behind the scenes, get early access and join the private Discord by supporting us on Patreon: \ / mlst (public discord)\ / discord \ / mlstreettalk \ \ DOES AI HAVE AGENCY? With Professor. Karl Friston and Riddhi J. Pitliya\ \ Agency in the context of cognitive science, particularly when considering the free energy principle, extends beyond just human decision-making and autonomy. It encompasses a broader understanding of how all living systems, including non-human entities, interact with their environment to maintain their existence by minimising sensory surprise.\ \ According to the free energy principle, living organisms strive to minimize the difference between their predicted states and the actual sensory inputs they receive. This principle suggests that agency arises as a natural consequence of this process, particularly when organisms appear to plan ahead many steps in the future. \ \ Riddhi J. Pitliya is based in the computational psychopathology lab doing her Ph.D at the University of Oxford and works with Professor Karl Friston at VERSES. \ / riddhijp \ \ References:\ \ THE FREE ENERGY PRINCIPLE—A PRECIS [Ramstead]\ https://www.dialecticalsystems.eu/con…\ \ Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior [Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl J. Friston]\ https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monog…\ \ The beauty of collective intelligence, explained by a developmental biologist | Michael Levin\ • The beauty of collective intelligence… \ \ Growing Neural Cellular Automata\ https://distill.pub/2020/growing-ca\ \ Carcinisation\ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcini…\ \ Prof. KENNETH STANLEY — Why Greatness Cannot Be Planned\ • #038 — Prof. KENNETH STANLEY — Why Gr… \ \ On Defining Artificial Intelligence [Pei Wang]\ https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/j…\ \ Why? The Purpose of the Universe [Goff]\ https://amzn.to/4aEqpfm\ \ Umwelt\ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwelt\ \ An Immense World: How Animal Senses Reveal the Hidden Realms [Yong]\ https://amzn.to/3tzzTb7\ \ What’s it like to be a bat [Nagal]\ https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pd…\ \ COUNTERFEIT PEOPLE. DANIEL DENNETT. (SPECIAL EDITION)\ • COUNTERFEIT PEOPLE. DANIEL DENNETT. (… \ \ We live in the infosphere [FLORIDI]\ • WE LIVE IN THE INFOSPHERE [Prof. LUCI… \ \ Mark Zuckerberg: First Interview in the Metaverse | Lex Fridman Podcast #398\ • Mark Zuckerberg: First Interview in t… \ \ Black Mirror: Rachel, Jack and Ashley Too | Official Trailer | Netflix\ • Black Mirror: Rachel, Jack and Ashley… \ \ Prof. Kristinn R. Thórisson\ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin…
Animals exhibit a diverse behavioral repertoire when exploring new environments and can learn which actions or action sequences produce positive outcomes. Dopamine release upon encountering reward is critical for reinforcing reward-producing actions
