Researchers used genomic structural equation modeling to separate schizophrenia-specific and shared bipolar genetic risks. Schizophrenia-unique variants were linked to lower IQ, while shared variants correlated with higher education.
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Meloidogyne nematodes reprogram rhizosphere metabolism to suppress antagonistic microbiota and enable bacterial pathogen co-infection
Xu et al. reveal that co-infection of nematodes and pathogens is a global phenomenon. Root-knot nematodes reprogram rhizosphere metabolism, reducing defensive tomatidine while increasing sugars that reshape rhizosphere microbiome. These changes suppress antagonistic microbes and promote pathogen proliferation, which enhances nematode survival and gall formation, leading to complex co-infection dynamics.
‘Off the shelf’ immunotherapy could get a lift from gene-edited natural killer cells
Since scientists first discovered that human immune cells could be modified to become cancer-fighting agents, they’ve been trying to engineer a cell that’s effective against solid tumors, which account for the vast majority of cancer cases. In a key advance in meeting this “holy grail challenge” in the field of cancer cell therapy, a team of Yale scientists led by geneticist Sidi Chen has revealed how immune cells can be “boosted” to target and eradicate solid tumors.
The field of cell therapy began to revolutionize cancer treatment several decades ago, when researchers pioneered the use of therapeutic cells. In this process, immune cells are removed from a patient, modified so that they can better fight cancer, and then reintroduced into the patient’s body.
Two major streams of this therapy exist: CAR-NK cell therapy, which uses a patient’s natural killer (NK) cells, and CAR-T cell therapy, which uses a patient’s T cells. In both cases, scientists genetically modify the cells to express Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR), a synthetic receptor that helps immune cells recognize proteins on cancer cells.
The Extinction of the Alien Machines
An exploration of extinction events for technological civilizations, but also extinction events that may happen to alien machine civilizations.
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Fermi Paradox: Why Haven’t Aliens Colonized Earth?
A exploration of the question of with Earth being 4.6 billion years old, then why wasn’t earth colonized by an alien civilization?
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When Matter Goes Horribly Wrong
An exploration of various forms matter can take in the universe and how it can go horribly wrong.
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Fermi Paradox: The Potentially Extreme Danger of Mirror Life
Fermi paradox the potentially extreme danger of mirror life.
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New Solution to the Fermi Paradox Found. Scientists Hope They’re Wrong
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Some call it The Great Silence, others The Fermi Paradox.
For the last 60 years, we’ve had our eyes and ears glued to the cosmos looking and listening for some sign letting us know we’re not all alone in the galaxy. And the more we discover, the harder it is to believe we’re the only ones.
Think about this for a moment; there’s around 2 trillion [2,000,000,000,000 galaxies] galaxies in the observable universe. Each one of those galaxies have on average 100 million stars. Some supergiants have one hundred trillion stars, and our Milky Way Galaxy has between 100 to 400 billion stars alone. It is likely that there’s at least this many planets floating around all those stars, and complex planetary systems that may resemble our own Solar System.
It brings us to the big question: where is everyone, and why haven’t we been contacted by an extra-terrestrial civilization from even inside our own galaxy? There should be many advanced civilizations out there, and we should have heard something from someone by now.
There are quite a few possible explanations for the ‘Great Silence’, and some researchers think they may have found some answers to this so-called paradox.