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Category: nuclear energy

Functionally dominant hotspot mutations of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes in cancer

To study selection for somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in tumor mtDNA, we identified somatic mtDNA variants across primary tumors from the GEL cohort (n = 14,106). The sheer magnitude of the sample size in this dataset, in conjunction with the high coverage depth of mtDNA reads (mean = 15,919×), enabled high-confidence identification of mtDNA variants to tumor heteroplasmies of 5%. In total, we identified 18,104 SNVs and 2,222 indels (Supplementary Table 1), consistent with previously reported estimates of approximately one somatic mutation in every two tumors1,2,3. The identified mutations exhibited a strand-specific mutation signature, with a predominant occurrence of CT mutations on the heavy strand and TC on the light strand in the non-control region that was reversed in the control region2 (Extended Data Fig. 1a, b). These mutations occur largely independently of known nuclear driver mutations, with the exception of a co-occurrence of TP53 mutation and mtDNA mutations in breast cancer (Q = 0.031, odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, chi-squared test) (Extended Data Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 4).

Although the landscape of hotspot mutations in nuclear-DNA-encoded genes is relatively well described, a lack of statistical power has impeded an analogous, comprehensive analysis in mtDNA16,17. To do so, we applied a hotspot detection algorithm that identified mtDNA loci demonstrating a mutation burden in excess of the expected background mutational processes in mtDNA (Methods). In total, we recovered 138 unique statistically significant SNV hotspots (Q 0.05) across 21 tumor lineages (Fig. 1a, b and Supplementary Table 2) and seven indel hotspots occurring at homopolymeric sites in complex I genes, as previously described by our group (Extended Data Fig. 2b and Supplementary Table 3). SNV hotspots affected diverse genetic elements, including protein-coding genes (n = 96 hotspots, 12 of 13 distinct genes), tRNA genes (n = 8 hotspots, 6 of 22 distinct genes) and rRNA genes (n = 34 hotspots, 2 of 2 genes) (Fig. 1b, c, e).

Trump directs Pentagon to start testing nuclear weapons

President Trump said on Wednesday that he has instructed the Defense Department (DOD) to immediately begin testing U.S. nuclear weapons on an equal basis to China and Russia.

‘The United States has more Nuclear Weapons than any other country,’ Trump wrote. ‘This was accomplished, including a complete update and renovation of existing weapons, during my First Term in office. Because of the tremendous destructive power, I HATED to do it, but had no choice! Russia is second, and China is a distant third, but will be even within 5 years.’…

…Trump’s announcement on TruthSocial came shortly before he was slated to meet face-to-face with Chinese President Xi Jinping for the first time since 2019 in South Korea on Thursday.

Hyundai joins US’ 11 gigawatt nuclear reactor project in Texas

Hyundai Engineering & Construction (Hyundai E&C) has taken a major step in expanding its global nuclear energy footprint.

On October 26, the company announced that it signed a basic design contract with Fermi America, a U.S.-based energy development firm, for the construction of four large nuclear reactors in Texas. The project will form part of what is expected to be the world’s largest integrated energy and artificial intelligence (AI) campus.

US taps 11 nuclear reactor projects to speed up clean energy goals

US taps 11 firms to fast-track advanced nuclear reactor projects by 2026.

The United States has picked 11 advanced reactor projects to begin President Trump’s Nuclear Reactor Pilot Program.

The US Department of Energy (DOE) announced on Tuesday that it will work, alongside the industry, with these 11 projects to construct, operate, and achieve criticality of at least three test reactors using the DOE authorization process by July 4, 2026.

The selection is a major step towards streamlining nuclear reactor testing and opening a new pathway toward fast-tracking commercial licensing activities.

Nuclear power in your pocket? 50-year battery innovation

While the technology of nuclear batteries has been available since the 1950s, today’s drive to electrify and decarbonize increases the impetus to find emission-free power sources and reliable energy storage. As a result, innovations are bringing renewed focus to nuclear energy in batteries.

Nuclear batteries — those using the natural decay of radioactive material to create an electric current — have been used in space applications or remote operations such as arctic lighthouses, where changing a battery is difficult or even impossible. The Mars Science Laboratory rover, for example, uses radioisotopic power systems (RPS), which convert heat from radioactive decay into electricity via a thermoelectric generator. Betavolt’s innovation, 3, is a betavoltaic battery that uses beta particles rather than heat as its energy source. (Probably a repost from March 11 2024)

There are additional challenges that hinder the wider usage of these and all types of nuclear batteries, particularly material supply and discomfort with the use of radioactive materials. Yet, the physical and materials science behind this technology could unlock important advances for CO2-free energy and provide power for applications where currently available energy storage technologies are insufficient.

How do betavoltaic batteries work?

Betavoltaic batteries contain radioactive emitters and semiconductor absorbers. As the emitter material naturally decays, it releases beta particles, or high-speed electrons, which strike the absorber material in the battery, separating electrons from atomic nuclei in the semiconductor absorber. Separation of the resulting electron-hole pairs generates an electric current in the absorber, resulting in electrical power that can be delivered by the battery.

US company makes major breakthrough with large-scale laser test: ‘Allow America to end its dangerous dependency’

A North Carolina–based company may have just given the U.S. a major boost toward energy independence and a cleaner future. Interesting Engineering reports that Global Laser Enrichment (GLE) has completed a large-scale test of its groundbreaking SILEX laser uranium enrichment process, marking what could be a new era for domestic nuclear fuel production.

The demonstration, held at GLE’s Test Loop facility in Wilmington, produced hundreds of pounds of low-enriched uranium (LEU) and confirmed the technology’s ability to operate at a commercial scale. The company plans to continue testing through 2025 while expanding its manufacturing base to support full-scale operations.

Developed in partnership with Australia’s Silex Systems, the SILEX — short for Separation of Isotopes by Laser EXcitation — process uses precisely tuned lasers to separate uranium isotopes selectively. The technology is designed to be far more efficient than existing gas centrifuge systems, which have dominated enrichment since the 20th century.

JWST may have found the Universe’s first stars powered by dark matter

New observations from the James Webb Space Telescope hint that the universe’s first stars might not have been ordinary fusion-powered suns, but enormous “supermassive dark stars” powered by dark matter annihilation. These colossal, luminous hydrogen-and-helium spheres may explain both the existence of unexpectedly bright early galaxies and the origin of the first supermassive black holes.

In the early universe, a few hundred million years after the Big Bang, the first stars emerged from vast, untouched clouds of hydrogen and helium. Recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) suggest that some of these early stars may have been unlike the familiar (nuclear fusion-powered) stars that astronomers have studied for centuries. A new study led by Cosmin Ilie of Colgate University, together with Shafaat Mahmud (Colgate ’26), Jillian Paulin (Colgate ’23) at the University of Pennsylvania, and Katherine Freese at The University of Texas at Austin, has identified four extremely distant objects whose appearance and spectral signatures match what scientists expect from supermassive dark stars.

“Supermassive dark stars are extremely bright, giant, yet puffy clouds made primarily out of hydrogen and helium, which are supported against gravitational collapse by the minute amounts of self-annihilating dark matter inside them,” Ilie said. Supermassive dark stars and their black hole remnants could be key to solving two recent astronomical puzzles: i. the larger than expected extremely bright, yet compact, very distant galaxies observed with JWST, and ii. the origin of the supermassive black holes powering the most distant quasars observed.

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