Jupiter’s swirling storms have concealed its true makeup for centuries, but a new model is finally peeling back the clouds. Researchers found the planet likely holds significantly more oxygen than the Sun, a key clue to how Jupiter—and the rest of the solar system—came together. The study also reveals that gases move through Jupiter’s atmosphere much more slowly than scientists once thought. Together, the findings reshape our understanding of the solar system’s largest planet.
Towering clouds ripple across Jupiter’s surface in dramatic patterns. Like Earth’s clouds, they contain water, but on Jupiter they are far denser and far deeper. These layers are so thick that no spacecraft has been able to directly observe what lies below them.
Now, scientists have taken a major step toward solving that mystery. A new study led by researchers at the University of Chicago and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has produced the most detailed model of Jupiter’s atmosphere ever created. The work provides a deeper look into the planet’s interior without needing to physically descend into its crushing depths.
A company called Fractal Health is developing a one-time GLP-1 gene therapy and the first humans are being dosed this year.
Instead of weekly injections like semaglutide or tirzepatide, this approach delivers genes directly into pancreatic beta cells. The therapy is controlled by the insulin promoter, meaning GLP-1 is only released when you eat — not continuously.
That could mean fewer systemic side effects and a more physiologic response.
They’re developing two versions:
• GLP-1 alone.
• GLP-1 + GIP (similar to tirzepatide)
One injection. Potentially permanent metabolic support.
If this works, it could redefine obesity and diabetes treatment.
Industrial yeasts are a powerhouse of protein production, used to manufacture vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, and other useful compounds. In a new study, MIT chemical engineers have harnessed artificial intelligence to optimize the development of new protein manufacturing processes, which could reduce the overall costs of developing and manufacturing these drugs.
Using a large language model (LLM), the MIT team analyzed the genetic code of the industrial yeast Komagataella phaffii—specifically, the codons that it uses. There are multiple possible codons, or three-letter DNA sequences, that can be used to encode a particular amino acid, and the patterns of codon usage are different for every organism.
The new MIT model learned those patterns for K. phaffii and then used them to predict which codons would work best for manufacturing a given protein. This allowed the researchers to boost the efficiency of the yeast’s production of six different proteins, including human growth hormone and a monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer.
An international team led by National University of Singapore researchers has linked secondary lymphedema to excessive cholesterol buildup inside skin and around lymphatic vessels. Excess cholesterol deposition tracked with dermal fat cell enlargement, fat cell dysfunction, cell death, and fibrosis, while cholesterol-clearing interventions reduced swelling and improved lymphatic drainage in mouse models, alongside reduced tissue cholesterol and clinical procedures that improved drainage.
Secondary lymphedema involves impaired lymphatic drainage with progressive swelling, fat expansion, inflammation, and fibrosis, often following cancer treatment, infection, or injury. Lymphatic vessels transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues back into circulation, placing cholesterol clearance inside the functional scope of normal lymphatic drainage. Lymphatic vessels also have roles in immune surveillance, tissue fluid balance, and lipid transport.
In the study, “Targeting excessive cholesterol deposition alleviates secondary lymphoedema,” published in Nature, researchers investigated whether lymphatic insufficiency alters cholesterol handling and adipose tissue architecture.
Immunotherapy given before or after surgery is increasingly used across several cancer areas. In an article published in the Journal of Internal Medicine, researchers at Karolinska Institutet present a comprehensive review of studies across seven tumor areas, showing how the field is moving toward earlier treatment.
For several years, immunotherapy has transformed the treatment of advanced cancer that can no longer be removed surgically. It is now used more frequently in earlier stages of disease as well—before surgery, known as neoadjuvant treatment, or after surgery, known as adjuvant treatment.
In the new article, the researchers summarize findings from studies on several cancer diagnoses, grouped into seven tumor areas: skin cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, gynecological cancer, head and neck cancer, and urological cancer.
