{"id":6636,"date":"2013-02-01T03:26:03","date_gmt":"2013-02-01T11:26:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/?p=6636"},"modified":"2017-04-16T22:27:28","modified_gmt":"2017-04-17T05:27:28","slug":"olemach-theorem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/2013\/02\/olemach-theorem","title":{"rendered":"\u201cOlemach Theorem\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cOlemach-Theorem\u201d: Angular-momentum Conservation implies a gravitational-redshift proportional Change of Length, Mass and Charge<\/strong><\/p>\n

Otto E. Rossler<\/p>\n

Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tubingen, Germany<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is a minor revolution going on in general relativity: a \u201creturn to the mothers\u201c \u2013 that is, to the \u201cequivalence principle\u201d of Einstein of 1907. Recently the Telemach theorem was described which says that Einstein\u2019s time change T stands not alone (since T, L, M, Ch all change by the same factor or its reciprocal, respectively). Here now, the convergent but trivial-to-derive Olemach theorem is presented. It connects omega (rotation rate), length, mass and charge in a static gravitational field. Angular-momentum conservation alone suffices (plus E = mc\u00b2 ). The list of implications shows that the \u201chard core\u201d of general relativity acquires new importance. 5 surprise implications \u2013 starting with global constancy of c in general relativity \u2013 are pointed out. Young and old physicists are called upon to join in the hunt for the \u201cinevitable fault\u201d in Olemach. (January 31, 2013) <\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThink simple\u201d is a modern parole (to quote HP). Much as in \u201cham\u201d radio initiation the \u201c80 meter band playground\u201d is the optimal entry door even if greeted with derision by old hands, so in physics the trivial domain of special relativity\u2019s equivalence principle provides the royal entry portal.<\/p>\n

A New Question<\/strong><\/p>\n

The local slowdown of time \u201cdownstairs\u201d in gravity is Einstein\u2019s most astounding discovery. It follows from special relativity in the presence of constant acceleration \u2013 provided the acceleration covers a vertically extended domain. Einstein\u2019s famous long rocketship with its continually thrusting boosters presents a perennially fertile playground for the mind. This \u201cequivalence principle\u201d [1] was \u201cthe happiest thought of my life\u201d as he always claimed.<\/p>\n

To date no one doubts any more [2,3] the surprise finding that time is slowed-down downstairs compared to upstairs. The original reason given by Einstein [1] was that all signal sequences sent upwards arrive there with enlarged temporal intervals since the rocketship\u2019s nose has picked up a constant relative departing speed during the finite travel time of the signal from the bottom up. Famous measurements, starting in 1959 and culminating in the daily operation of the Global Positioning System, abundantly confirm Einstein\u2019s seemingly absurd purely mentally deduced prediction. From this hard-won 1907 insight, he would later derive his \u201cgeneral theory of relativity.\u201d The latter remains an intricate edifice up to this day of which not all corners are understood as of yet. For example, many mathematically allowed but unphysical transformations got appended over the years. And a well-paved road running to the right and left of the canonical winded thread is still wanting. For example, the attempt begun by Einstein\u2019s assistant Cornelius Lanczos in 1929 to build a bridge toward Clifford\u2019s older differential-geometric approach [4] remains unconsummated.<\/p>\n

In an \u201cimpasse-type\u201d situation like this it is sometimes a good strategy to go \u201cback to the mothers\u201d in Goethe\u2019s words, that is, to the early days when everything was still simple and fresh in its unfamiliarity. Do there perhaps exist one or two \u201cdirect corollaries\u201d to Einstein\u2019s happiest thought that are likewise bound to remain valid in any later more advanced theory?<\/p>\n

A starting point for the hunt is angular-momentum conservation. Angular momentum enjoys an undeservedly low status in general relativity Emmy Noether\u2019s genius notwithstanding. It therefore is a legitimate challenge to be asked to check what happens when angular momentum is \u201cexplicitly assumed to be conserved\u201d in Einstein\u2019s long rocketship where all clocks are known to be \u201ctired\u201d in their ticking rate at more downstairs positions in a locally imperceptible fashion. This question appears to be new. In the following, an attempt is made to check how the conservation of angular momentum which is a well-known fact in special relativity manifests itself in the special case of Einstein\u2019s equivalence principle.<\/p>\n

Olemach Theorem<\/strong><\/p>\n

To find the answer, a simple thought experiment suggests itself. A frictionless, strictly horizontally rotating bicycle wheel (with its mass ideally concentrated in the rim) is assumed to be suspended at its hub from a rope \u2013 so it can be lowered reversibly from the tip to the bottom in our constantly accelerating long rocketship (or else in gravity). Imagine the famous experimentalist Walter Lewin would make this wheel the subject of one of his enlightened M.I.T. lectures distributed on the Internet. The precision of the measurements performed would have to be ideal. What is it that can be predicted?<\/p>\n

The law of \u201cangular momentum conservation under planar rotation reads (if a sufficiently slow \u201cnonrelativistic\u201d rotation speed is assumed) according to any textbook like Tipler\u2019s: \u201cangular momentum = rotation rate times mass times radius-squared = constant\u201d or, written in symbols,<\/p>\n

J = \u03c9 m r\u00b2 = const. (1) <\/p>\n

From the above-quoted paper by Einstein we learn that omega differs across height levels, in a locally imperceptible fashion, being lower downstairs [1]. This is so because a frictionless wheel in planar rotation represents an admissible realization of a \u201cticking\u201d clock (you can record ticks from a pointer attached to the rim). Then the height-dependent factor which reduces the ticking rate downstairs (explicitly written down by Einstein [1]) can be called K . At the tip, K = 1 , but K > 1 and increasing as one slowly (\u201cadiabatically\u201d) lowers the constantly rotating wheel to a deeper level [1]. Note that K can approach infinity in principle (as when the famous \u201cRindler rocketship,\u201d with its many independently boosting hollow \u201crocket rings\u201d that stay together without links, approaches the length of about one light year \u2013 if this technical aside is allowed).<\/p>\n

The present example is quite refined in its maximum simplicity. What is it that the watching students will learn? If it is true that angular momentum J stays constant despite the fact that the rotation rate \u03c9 is reduced downstairs by the Einstein clock slowdown factor K , then necessarily either m or r or both must be altered downstairs besides \u03c9 , if J is to stay constant in accordance with Eq.(1).
While infinitely many nonlinear change laws for r and m are envisionable in compensation for the change in \u03c9 , the simplest \u201clinear\u201d law keeping angular momentum J unchanged in Eq.(1) reads:<\/p>\n

\u03c9\u2019 = \u03c9\/K
r\u2019 = r K
m\u2019 = m\/K (2)
q\u2019 = q\/K .<\/p>\n

Here the fourth line was added \u201cfor completeness\u201d due to the fact that the local ratio m\/q \u2013 rest mass-over-charge \u2013 is a universal constant in nature in every inertial frame, with a characteristic universal value for every kind of particle. (Note that any particle on the rim can be freshly released into free fall and then retrieved with impunity, so that the universal ratio remains valid.) The unprimed variables on the right refer to the upper-level situation (K = 1) while the primed variables on the left pertain to a given lower floor, with K monotonically increasing toward the bottom as quantitatively indicated by Einstein [1].<\/p>\n

How can we understand Eq.(2)? The first line, with \u03c9 replaced by the proportional ticking rate t of an ordinary local clock (Einstein\u2019s original result), yields an equivalent law that reads<\/p>\n

t\u2019 = t\/K \u201a (2a) <\/p>\n

with the other three lines of Eq.(2) remaing unchanged. The corresponding 4-liner was described recently under the name \u201cTelemach\u201d (acronym for Time, Length, Mass and Charge). Telemach possessed a fairly complicated derivation [5]. The new law, Eq.(2), has the asset that its validity can be derived directly from Eq.(1).<\/p>\n

The prediction made by the conservation law of Eq.(1) is that any change in \u03c9 automatically entails a change in r and\/or m . There obviously exist infinitely many quantitative ways to ensure the constancy of J in Eq.(1) for our two-dimensionally rotating frictionless wheel. For example, when for the fun of it we keep m constant while letting only r change, the second line of Eq.(2) is bound to read r\u2019 = r K^\u00bd (followed by m\u2019 = m and q\u2019 = q ). Infinitely many other guessed schemes are possible. Eq.(2) has the asset of being \u201csimpler\u201d since all change ratios are linear in K. So the change law does not depend on height; only in this linear way can grotesque consequences like divergent behavior of one variable be avoided.<\/p>\n

Now the serious part. We start out with the third line of Eq.(2). We already know from Einstein\u2019s paper [1] that the local photon frequency (and hence the photon mass-energy) scales linearly with 1\/K . Photon mass-energy therefore necessarily obeys the third line of Eq.(2). If this is true, we can recall that according to quantum electrodynamics, photons and particles are locally inter-transformable. Einstein would not have disagreed in 1907 already. A famous everyday example known from PET scans is positronium creation and annihilation. In this special case, two 511 kilo-electron-Volt photons turn into \u2013 prove equivalent to \u2013 one positron plus one electron, in every local frame. Therefore we can be sure that the third line of Eq.(2) indeed represents an indubitable fact in modern physics, a fact which Einstein would have eagerly embraced.<\/p>\n

The remaing second line of Eq.(2) could be explained by quantum mechanics as well (as done in ref. [5]). However, this is edundant now since once the third line of Eq.(2) is accepted, the second line is fixed via Eq.(1). The fourth line follows from the third as already stated. Hence we are finished proving the correctness of the new law of Eq.(2).<\/p>\n

How to call it? Olemach is a variant of \u201cOremaq\u201d (which at first sight is a more natural acronym for the law of Eq.(2) in view of its four left-hand sides. But the closeness in content of Eq.(2) to Telemach [4], in which length was termed L and charge termed Ch, lets the matching abbreviation \u201cOlemach\u201d appear more natural.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

A new fundamental equation in physics was proposed: Eq.(2). The new equation teaches us a new fact about nature: In the accelerating rocket-ship of the young Einstein as well as in general relativity proper under \u201cordinary conditions\u201d (yet to be specified in detail), angular momentum conservation plays a previously underestimated \u2013 new \u2013 role.<\/p>\n

The most important implication of the law of Eq.(2) no doubt is the fact that the speed of light, c , has become a \u201cglobal constant\u201d in the equivalence principle. Note that the first two lines of Eq.(2) can be written<\/p>\n

T\u2019 = TK
r\u2019 = rK , (2b) <\/p>\n

with T = 1\/\u03c9 and T\u2018 = 1\/ \u03c9\u2018 . One sees that r\u2019\/T\u2019 = r\/T . Therefore c-upstairs = c-downstairs = c at all heights (up to the uppermost level of an infinitely long Rindler rocket with c = c-universal at its tip). Thus<\/p>\n

c = globally constant. (3) <\/p>\n

This result follows from the \u201clinear\u201d structure of Eq.(2). The global constancy of c had been given up explicitly by Einstein in the quoted 1907 paper [1]. (This maximally painful fact was presumably the reason why Einstein could not touch the topic of gravitation again for 4 years until his visiting close friend Ehrenfest helped him re-enter the pond through engulfing him in an irresistible discussion about his rotating-disk problem.) In recompense for the new global constancy of c , it is now m and q that inherit the former underprivileged role of c by being \u201conly locally but not globally constant.\u201d It goes without saying that there are far-reaching tertiary implications (cf. [5]).<\/p>\n

The second-most-important point is the already mentioned fact that charge q is no longer conserved in physics in the wake of the fourth line of Eq.(2), after an uninterrupted reign of almost two centuries. This result is the most unbelievable new fact. A first direct physical implication is that the charge of neutron stars needs to be re-calculated in view of the \u201corder-of-unity\u201d gravitational redshift z = K \u2013 1 valid on their surface. Since K thus is almost equal to 2 on this surface, the charge of neutron stars is reduced by a factor of almost 2. Even more strikingly, the electrical properties of quasars (including mini-quasars) are radically altered so that a renewed modeling attempt is mandatory.<\/p>\n

Thirdly, a topological new consequence of Eq.(2): \u201cStretching\u201d is now found added to \u201ccurvature\u201d as an equally fundamental differential-geometric feature of nature valid in the equivalence principle and, by implication, in general relativity. Recall that r goes to infinity in parallel with K , in the second line of Eq.(2) when K does so. This new qualitative finding is in accordance with Clifford\u2019s early intuition. While an arbitrarily strong curvature remains valid near the horizon of a black hole where K diverges, the singular curvature is now accompanied by an equally singular (infinite) stretching of r . Thus a novel type of \u201cvolume conservation\u201d (more precisely speaking: \u201cconservation of the curvature-over-stretching ratio\u201d) becomes definable in general relativity, in the wake of Eq.(2).<\/p>\n

A fourth major consequence is that some traditional historical additions to general relativity cease to hold true if Olemach (or Telemach) is valid. This \u201ctree-trimming\u201d affects previously accepted combinations of general relativity with electrodynamics. In particular, the famous Reissner-Nordstr\u00f6m solution loses its physical validity in the wake of Eq.(2). The simple reason: charge is no longer a global invariant. Surprise further implications (like a mandatory unchargedness of black holes) follow. The beautiful mass-ejecting and charge-spitting and electricity and magnetism generating, features of active quasars acquire a radically new interpretation worth to be worked out.<\/p>\n

As a fifth point, the mathematically beautiful \u201cKerr metric\u201d when used as a description of a rotating black hole loses its physical validity by virtue of the second line of Eq.(2). The new infinite distance to the horizon valid from the outside is one reason. More importantly, the effective zero rotation rate at the horizon of a seen from the outside fast-rotating black hole necessitates the formation of a topological \u201cReeb foliation in space-time\u201d encircling every rotating black hole, as well as (in unfinished form) any of its never quite finished precursors [6].<\/p>\n

There appear to be further first-magnitude consequences of the law of angular-momentum conservation (Eq.1), applied in the equivalence principle and its general-relativistic extensions. So the second line of Eq.(2) implies, via the new global constancy of c , that gravitational waves no longer exist [5]. On the other hand, temporal changes of a gravitational potential, for example through the passing-by of a celestial body, do of course remain valid and must somehow be propagated with the speed of light. (This problem is mathematically unsolved in the context of Sudarshan\u2019s \u201cno interaction theorem.\u201d) These two cases can now be confused no longer.<\/p>\n

At this point cosmology deserves to be mentioned. The new equal rights of curving and stretching (\u201cYin and Yang\u201d) suggest that only asymptotically flat solutions remain available in cosmology in the very large \u2013 a suggestion already due to Clifford as mentioned [4]. If Olemach implies that a \u201cbig bang\u201d (based on a non-volume preserving version of general relativity) is ruled out mathematically, this new fact has tangible consequences. Recently, 24 \u201cad-hoc assumptions\u201d implicit in the standard model of cosmology were collected [7]. Further new developments in the wake of an improved understanding of the role played by angular-momentum conservation in the equivalence principle, general relativity and cosmology are to be expected.<\/p>\n

To conclude, a new big vista opens itself up when the law of angular momentum conservation is indeed valid in the equivalence principle of special relativity of 1907. An inconspicuous \u201clinear law\u201d (Eq.2), re-affirming the role of Einstein\u2019s happiest thought, imposes as the natural \u201c80-meter band\u201d of physics\u201d \u2013 or does it not?<\/p>\n

Credit Due<\/strong><\/p>\n

The above result goes back to an inconspicuous abstract published in 2003 [8] and a maximally unassuming dissertation written in its wake [9].<\/p>\n

Acknowledgment<\/strong><\/p>\n

I thank Ali Sanayei, Frank Kuske and Roland Wais for discussions. For J.O.R.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] A. Einstein, On the relativity principle and the conclusions drawn from it (in German). Jahrbuch der Radioaktivit\u00e4t 4, 411\u2013462 (1907), p. 458; English translation: http:\/\/www.pitt.edu\/~jdnorton\/teaching\/GR&Grav_2007\/pdf\/Einstein_1907.pdf<\/a> , p. 306.<\/p>\n

[2] M.A. Hohensee, S. Chu, A. Peters and H. M\u00fcller, Equivalence principle and gravitational redshift. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 151102 (2011). http:\/\/prl.aps.org\/abstract\/PRL\/v106\/i15\/e151102<\/a><\/p>\n

[3] C. L\u00e4mmerzahl, The equivalence principle. MICROSCOPE Colloquium, Paris, September 19, 2011. http:\/\/gram.oca.eu\/Ressources_doc\/EP_Colloquium_2011\/2%20C%20Lammerzahl.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[4] C. Lanczos, Space through the Ages: The Evolution of geometric Ideas from Pythagoras to Hilbert and Einstein. New York: Academic Press 1970, p. 222. (Abstract on p. 4 of: http:\/\/imamat.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/6\/1\/local\/back-matter.pdf<\/a> ) <\/p>\n

[5] O.E. Rossler, Einstein\u2019s equivalence principle has three further implications besides affecting time: T-L-M-Ch theorem (\u201cTelemach\u201d). African Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Research 5, 44\u201347 (2012), http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/ajmcsr\/PDF\/pdf2012\/Feb\/9%20Feb\/Rossler.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[6] O.E. Rossler, Does the Kerr solution support the new \u201canchored rotating Reeb foliation\u201d of Fr\u00f6hlich? (25 January 2012). https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/2012\/01\/does-the-kerr-solution-sup\u2026f-frohlich<\/a>
[7] O.E. Rossler, Cosmos-21: Twenty-four violations of Occam\u2019s razor healed by statistica mechanics. (Submitted.) <\/p>\n

[8] H. Kuypers, O.E. Rossler and P. Bosetti, Matterwave-Doppler effect, a new implication of Planck\u2019s formula (in German). Wechselwirkung 25 (No. 120), 26\u201327 (2003).<\/p>\n

[9] H. Kuypers, Atoms in the gravitational field according to the de-Broglie-Schr\u00f6dinger theory: Heuristic hints at a mass and size change (in German). PhD thesis, submitted to the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Faculty of the University of Tubingen 2005.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cOlemach-Theorem\u201d: Angular-momentum Conservation implies a gravitational-redshift proportional Change of Length, Mass and Charge Otto E. Rossler Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tubingen, Germany Abstract There is a minor revolution going on in general relativity: a \u201creturn to the mothers\u201c \u2013 that is, to the \u201cequivalence principle\u201d of Einstein [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":145,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[219],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6636","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/145"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6636"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6636\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":51897,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6636\/revisions\/51897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}