{"id":16544,"date":"2015-08-21T06:05:03","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T13:05:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/?p=16544"},"modified":"2017-06-04T11:46:53","modified_gmt":"2017-06-04T18:46:53","slug":"exotic-pentaquark-particle-discovery-cerns-massive-data-center","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/2015\/08\/exotic-pentaquark-particle-discovery-cerns-massive-data-center","title":{"rendered":"Exotic Pentaquark Particle Discovery &amp; CERN\u2019s Massive Data Center"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><br \/> July, 2015; as you know.. was the all systems go for the CERNs <a href=\"http:\/\/home.web.cern.ch\/topics\/large-hadron-collider\" target=\"_blank\">Large Hadron Collider (LHC)<\/a>. On a Saturday evening, proton collisions resumed at the LHC and the experiments began collecting data once again. With the observation of the Higgs already in our back pocket \u2014 It was time to turn up the dial and push the LHC into double digit (TeV) energy levels. From a personal standpoint, I didn\u2019t blink an eye hearing that large amounts of Data was being collected at every turn. BUT, I was quite surprised to learn at the \u2018Amount\u2019 being collected and processed each day \u2014 About One Petabyte.<\/p>\n<p>Approximately 600 million times per second, particles collide within the (LHC). The digitized summary is recorded as a \u201ccollision event\u201d. Physicists must then sift through the 30 petabytes or so of data produced annually to determine if the collisions have thrown up any interesting physics. Needless to say \u2014 The Hunt is On!<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/home.web.cern.ch\/about\/computing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Data Center<\/a> processes about one Petabyte of data every day \u2014 the equivalent of around 210,000 DVDs. The center hosts 11,000 servers with 100,000 processor cores. Some 6000 changes in the database are performed every second.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Petabytes of data at Large Hadron Collider - Sixty Symbols\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0mgXNgD3JFU?list=PL7DEC46BD7058D7BB\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>With experiments at CERN generating such colossal amounts of data. The Data Center stores it, and then sends it around the world for analysis. CERN simply does not have the computing or financial resources to crunch all of the data on site, so in 2002 it turned to grid computing to share the burden with computer centres around the world. The <a href=\"http:\/\/home.web.cern.ch\/about\/computing\/worldwide-lhc-computing-grid\" target=\"_blank\">Worldwide LHC Computing Grid<\/a> (WLCG) \u2013 a distributed computing infrastructure <a href=\"http:\/\/home.web.cern.ch\/about\/computing\/grid-system-tiers\" target=\"_blank\">arranged in tiers<\/a> \u2013 gives a community of over 8000 physicists near real-time access to LHC data. The Grid runs more than two million jobs per day. At peak rates, 10 gigabytes of data may be transferred from its servers every second.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"center alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog.images\/exotic-pentaquark-particle-discovery-cerns-massive-data-center2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"209\" \/><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>By early 2013 CERN had increased the power capacity of the centre from 2.9 MW to 3.5 MW, allowing the installation of more computers. In parallel, improvements in energy-efficiency implemented in 2011 have led to an estimated energy saving of 4.5 GWh per year.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Image: CERN<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Processing LHC Data\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jDC3-QSiLB4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>PROCESSING THE DATA (processing info via <a href=\"http:\/\/home.web.cern.ch\/about\/computing\/processing-what-record\" target=\"_blank\">CERN<\/a>)&gt; <\/strong>Subsequently hundreds of thousands of computers from around the world come into action: harnessed in a distributed computing service, they form the <a href=\"http:\/\/home.web.cern.ch\/about\/computing\/worldwide-lhc-computing-grid\" target=\"_blank\">Worldwide LHC Computing Grid<\/a> (WLCG), which provides the resources to store, distribute, and process the LHC data. WLCG combines the power of more than 170 collaborating centres in 36 countries around the world, which are linked to CERN. Every day WLCG processes more than 1.5 million \u2018jobs\u2019, corresponding to a single computer running for more than 600 years.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16548\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16548\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\\'blog-photo\\' href=\"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/cern_data_center.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16548\" src=\"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/cern_data_center.jpg\" alt=\"Racks of servers at the CERN Data Centre (Image: CERN)\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/cern_data_center.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/cern_data_center-300x184.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><br \/> CERN DATA CENTER: The server farm in the 1450 m2 main room of the DC (pictured) forms Tier 0, the first point of contact between experimental data from the LHC and the Grid. As well as servers and data storage systems for Tier 0 and further physics analysis, the DC houses systems critical to the daily functioning of the laboratory. (Image: CERN)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The data flow from all four experiments for Run 2 is anticipated to be about 25 GB\/s (gigabyte per second) <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span class=\"underline\">ALICE<\/span><\/span>: 4 GB\/s (Pb-Pb running)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span class=\"underline\">ATLAS<\/span><\/span>: 800 MB\/s \u2013 1 GB\/s<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span class=\"underline\">CMS<\/span><\/span>: 600 MB\/s<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span class=\"underline\">LHCb<\/span><\/span>: 750 MB\/s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"center\" style=\"text-align: left\"> <strong>In July, the LHCb experiment reported observation of <\/strong><strong>an entire new class of particles:<br \/>\n<span class=\"underline\"><em>Exotic Pentaquark Particles (Image: CERN)<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"center aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog.images\/exotic-pentaquark-particle-discovery-cerns-massive-data-center3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"263\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Possible layout of the quarks in a pentaquark particle. The five quarks might be tightly bound (left). The five quarks might be tightly bound. They might also be assembled into a meson (one quark and one anti quark) and a baryon (three quarks), weakly bound together.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"left aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog.images\/exotic-pentaquark-particle-discovery-cerns-massive-data-center4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"308\" height=\"163\" \/><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The LHCb experiment at CERN\u2019s LHC has reported the discovery of a class of particles known as pentaquarks. In short, \u201cThe pentaquark is not just any new particle,\u201d said LHCb spokesperson Guy Wilkinson. \u201cIt represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons, in a pattern that has never been observed before in over 50 years of experimental searches. Studying its properties may allow us to understand better how ordinary matter, the protons and neutrons from which we\u2019re all made, is constituted.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Pentaquark - Sixty Symbols\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/02uOm5Kl5ls?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Our understanding of the structure of matter was revolutionized in 1964 when American physicist Murray Gell-Mann proposed that a category of particles known as baryons, which includes protons and neutrons, are comprised of three fractionally charged objects called quarks, and that another category, mesons, are formed of quark-antiquark pairs. This quark model also allows the existence of other quark composite states, such as pentaquarks composed of four quarks and an antiquark.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Until now, however, no conclusive evidence for pentaquarks had been seen.<br \/>\n<\/strong>Earlier experiments that have searched for pentaquarks have proved inconclusive. The next step in the analysis will be to study how the quarks are bound together within the pentaquarks.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u201c<em>The quarks could be tightly bound,\u201d <\/em>said LHCb physicist Liming Zhang of Tsinghua University, \u201c<em>or they could be loosely bound in a sort of meson-baryon molecule, in which the meson and baryon feel a residual strong force similar to the one binding protons and neutrons to form nuclei.\u201d <\/em><em><strong><span class=\"underline\">More studies will be needed to distinguish between these possibilities, and to see what else pentaquarks can teach us!<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">August 18th, 2015<br \/>\n<strong>CERN Experiment Confirms Matter-Antimatter CPT Symmetry<br \/> For <\/strong><strong>Light Nuclei, Antinuclei (Image: CERN)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"center alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog.images\/exotic-pentaquark-particle-discovery-cerns-massive-data-center5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Days after scientists at CERN\u2019s Baryon-Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment (BASE) measured the mass-to-charge ratio of a proton and its antimatter particle, the antiproton, the ALICE experiment at the European organization reported similar measurements for light nuclei and antinuclei.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>The measurements, made with unprecedented precision, add to growing scientific data confirming that matter and antimatter are true mirror images.<\/p>\n<p>Antimatter shares the same mass as its matter counterpart, but has opposite electric charge. The electron, for instance, has a positively charged antimatter equivalent called positron. Scientists believe that the Big Bang created equal quantities of matter and antimatter 13.8 billion years ago. However, for reasons yet unknown, matter prevailed, creating everything we see around us today \u2014 from the smallest microbe on Earth to the largest galaxy in the universe.<\/p>\n<p>Last week, in a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v524\/n7564\/full\/nature14861.html\" target=\"_blank\">paper<\/a> published in the journal Nature, researchers reported a significant step toward solving this long-standing mystery of the universe. According to the study, 13,000 measurements over a 35-day period show \u2014 with unparalleled precision \u2013 that protons and antiprotons have identical mass-to-charge ratios.<\/p>\n<p>The experiment tested a central tenet of the Standard Model of particle physics, known as the Charge, Parity, and Time Reversal (CPT) symmetry. If CPT symmetry is true, a system remains unchanged if three fundamental properties \u2014 charge, parity, which refers to a 180-degree flip in spatial configuration, and time \u2014 are reversed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>The latest study takes the research over this symmetry further. The ALICE measurements show that CPT symmetry holds true for light nuclei such as deuterons \u2014 a hydrogen nucleus with an additional neutron \u2014 and antideuterons, as well as for helium-3 nuclei \u2014 two protons plus a neutron \u2014 and antihelium-3 nuclei. The experiment, which also analyzed the curvature of these particles\u2019 tracks in ALICE detector\u2019s magnetic field and their time of flight, improve on the existing measurements by a factor of up to 100.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"center aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog.images\/exotic-pentaquark-particle-discovery-cerns-massive-data-center6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"547\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"center\">IN CLOSING..<\/p>\n<p class=\"center\"><strong>A violation of CPT would not only hint at the existence of physics beyond the Standard Model \u2014 which isn\u2019t complete yet \u2014 it would also help us understand why the universe, as we know it, is completely devoid of antimatter.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"center\"><strong>UNTIL THEN\u2026 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">ORIGINAL ARTICLE POSTING via <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.twitter.com\/mygraymatter\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Phillips<\/a> LinkedIN Pulse<\/span><\/strong> @ <span class=\"invisible\"><a class=\"twitter-timeline-link\" title=\"http:\/\/goo.gl\/ApdTL6\" href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/ZXGPDioTu0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"js-display-url\"><a class=\"twitter-timeline-link\" title=\"http:\/\/goo.gl\/ApdTL6\" href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/ZXGPDioTu0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">goo.gl\/ApdTL6<br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"center\">\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>July, 2015; as you know.. was the all systems go for the CERNs Large Hadron Collider (LHC). On a Saturday evening, proton collisions resumed at the LHC and the experiments began collecting data once again. With the observation of the Higgs already in our back pocket \u2014 It was time to turn up the dial [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":161,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1502,38,48,219,224],"tags":[106,1409,107,2151,60,222],"class_list":["post-16544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-big-data","category-engineering","category-particle-physics","category-physics","category-science","tag-cern","tag-data","tag-lhc","tag-physics","tag-research","tag-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/161"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16544"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64404,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16544\/revisions\/64404"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16544"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16544"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lifeboat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}