In the 1951 science fiction film, “The Day the Earth Stood Still,” powerful ray guns are shown vaporizing rifles and even tanks. In the Star Wars movies, a wide variety of directed energy weapons are depicted, from handheld lightsabers to massive, spaceship-mounted laser cannons.

What exactly is a directed energy weapon? Are these weapons still science fiction, lab experiments, or are they real? How can they be used and how disruptive can they be? What are the challenges and next steps? This article will examine answers to these questions.

According to DOD’s Joint Publication 3–13 Electronic Warfare, directed energy (DE) is described as an:

Nemourlon armor of reasonable weight resists penetration by most fragments and any bullet that is not both reasonably heavy and fairly high-velocity.’ — Jerry Pournelle, 1976.

Goldene — A Two-Dimensional Sheet Of Gold One Atom Thick ‘Hasan always pitched a Gauzy — a one-molecule-layer tent, opaque, feather-light, and very tough.’ — Roger Zelazny, 1966.

GNoME AI From DeepMind Invents Millions Of New Materials ‘…the legendary creativity of our finest human authors pales against the mathematical indefatigability of GNoME.’

Made by Cresilon, Traumagel can stop bleeding from gunshot wounds and is being looked at for future uses by the Department of Defense.

A professor at the University of Warwick is exploring the chemistry of the galaxy far, far away this Star Wars Day, May the 4th.

Science fiction is meeting science fact, as Professor Alex Baker discusses the captivating inspiration real-world reactions have had on the Star Wars universe.

The chemist from the University of Warwick explores what may underpin the freezing of Han Solo, the colors of lightsabers, the reactions that power star ships and much more.

This little fish emits noises as loud as a gunshot, topping 140 decibels.

One of the world’s smallest fish lives in Myanmar’s streams, and experts have been surprised by its high sound.

During the surprise assault on Israel by Palestinian militant group Hamas Saturday, gunmen opened fire on hundreds of young people during a dance music festival in the southern Israeli kibbutz of Re’im near the Gaza Strip, according to the Associated Press and multiple Israeli media outlets.

Witnesses told the Times of Israel that rocket fire was followed by gunshots fired into the crowd, as hundreds tried to flee.

“The music stopped and there was a rocket siren,” a young woman called Ortal told Israel’s Channel 12, according to Reuters. “Suddenly out of nowhere, they started shooting.”

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A bullet piercing the protective armor of a first responder, a jellyfish stinging a swimmer, micrometeorites striking a satellite: High-speed projectiles that puncture materials show up in many forms. Researchers constantly aim to identify new materials that can better resist these high-speed puncture events, but it has been hard to connect the microscopic details of a promising new material to its actual behavior in real-world situations.

To address this issue, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have designed a method that uses a high-intensity laser to blast microscale projectiles into a small sample at velocities that approach the speed of sound. The system analyzes the energy exchange between the particle and the sample of interest at the micro level then uses scaling methods to predict the puncture resistance of the material against larger energetic projectiles, such as bullets encountered in real-world situations. This new method, described in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, reduces the need to perform a lengthy series of lab experiments with larger projectiles and bigger samples.

“When you’re investigating a new material for its protective applications, you don’t want to waste time, money and energy in scaling up your tests if the material doesn’t pan out. With our new method we can see earlier if it’s worth looking into a material for its protective properties,” said NIST chemist Katherine Evans.

The Expanse is one of the seminal sci-fi shows of the past decade. Set centuries in the future when humans have colonized the solar system, it’s been called one of the most scientifically accurate sci-fi shows of all time. But just how much does this hold up to scrutiny?

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Watch my video about the science of Star Trek’s phasers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0unFPbKrks.

Watch my video about the science of Star Wars’ lightsabers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5a7lHh9EpI

I recently wrote about how viscoelastic fluids can be used in liquid body armor to stop bullets. While spacetime isn’t a fluid in the traditional sense, it has many of the same properties. In particular, it deforms when a massive body or any energy at all passes through it. The spacetime manifold resists deformation and seeks to return to flatness whenever a massive body passes on. This property is elasticity.