Serotonin signaling and gut-immune crosstalk: the microbiome’s role in antitumor immunity.

“…Serotonin transporter inhibits cytotoxic CD8-positive T lymphocyte antitumor immunity by depleting serotonin within the tumor microenvironment…”

“…Serotonin transporter-blocking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants enhance cytotoxic CD8-positive T lymphocyte antitumor immunity and act synergistically with programmed cell death protein 1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy…”

To this end, here…

“…Tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic CD8-positive T lymphocytes were identified as the primary producers and mediators of a local, immunomodulatory serotonin signaling pathway independent of the gastrointestinal tract…”

“…Upon recognition of tumor antigens, tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic CD8-positive T lymphocytes upregulate tryptophan hydroxylase 1, which synthesizes serotonin followed by its release into the tumor microenvironment to enhance T lymphocyte activation via serotonin signaling…”

In short…

A natural compound from broccoli sprouts that’s now backed by science for brain health, aging, cancer, metabolism, and more.

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How 6 small molecules made old human cells act young again. No gene editing, no stem cells. Just science.

Researchers publishing in Aging Cell have used single-cell transcriptomics to discover new insights into how neural stem cells (NSCs) change with aging.

Adults do generate neurons

The adult brain does generate new neurons [1], particularly in the hippocampus, the part of the brain responsible for memory formation [2]. Neurogenesis is limited to very specific niches, however, and does not occur across the entire brain [3]. This is accomplished by NSCs, cells that can differentiate into neural progenitors (NPs), which can themselves differentiate into both neurons and astrocytes and have less ability to proliferate [4]. Astrocytes are helper cells that support neurons’ connections and metabolism [5].

Social engagement is a vital component of psychological and physical well-being linked to better health and a longer life, yet many older adults struggle to maintain relationships that support these outcomes.

New research from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore finds that changes in the brain’s intrinsic functional connectivity networks fully account for the decline in sociability observed with aging.

Sociability is a trait encompassing communication effectiveness, emotional management, and social assertiveness, that tends to diminish with age. Older adults, particularly those who live alone, are at increased risk of isolation, limiting forms of social participation.

Dr Keith Siew, one of the study authors, says, “Nobody really likes talking about death, even cell death, which is perhaps why the physiology of death is so poorly understood. And in a way necrosis is death. If enough cells die, then tissues die, then we die. The question is what would happen if we could pause or stop necrosis.”

“Necrosis remains one of the last frontiers in medicine – a common thread across aging, disease, space biology, and scientific progress itself,” adds Dr Carina Kern, lead author of the study.

Necrosis occurs when cells are overwhelmed by injury, infection, or stress. The process floods cells with calcium, disrupting vital functions and causing the cell to rupture. This sudden collapse spills toxic molecules into surrounding tissue, triggering inflammation and accelerating damage.

Researchers have identified three anti-aging compounds produced by Paracoccus sanguinis, a bacterium found in the bloodstream.

Not only can the drug metformin help to effectively manage type 2 diabetes, it may also give older women a better chance of living to the grand old age of 90, according to new research – thanks, it seems, to a variety of anti-aging effects.

The research used data from a long-term US study of postmenopausal women. Records on a total of 438 women were picked out – half who took metformin for their diabetes, and half who took a different diabetes drug, called sulfonylurea.

While there are a lot of caveats and asterisks to the study, those in the metformin group were calculated to have a 30 percent lower risk of dying before the age of 90 than those in the sulfonylurea group.

A groundbreaking advancement in the field of vision restoration has recently emerged from the intersection of nanotechnology and biomedical engineering. Researchers have developed a novel retinal prosthesis constructed from tellurium nanowires, which has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in restoring vision to blind animal models. This innovative approach not only aims to restore basic visual function but also enhances the eye’s capability to detect near-infrared light, a development that holds promising implications for future ocular therapies.

The retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye, plays a crucial role in converting light into the electrical signals sent to the brain. In degenerative conditions affecting the retina, such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration, this process is severely disrupted, ultimately leading to blindness. Traditional treatments have struggled with limitations such as electrical interference and insufficient long-term impacts. However, the introduction of a retinal prosthesis made from tellurium offers a fresh perspective on restoring vision.

Tellurium is a unique element known for its semiconductor properties, making it an excellent choice for developing nanostructured devices. The researchers carefully engineered tellurium nanowires and then integrated them into a three-dimensional lattice framework. This novel architecture facilitates easy implantation into the retina while enabling efficient conversion of both visible and near-infrared light into electrical impulses. By adopting this approach, the researchers ensured that the prosthesis would function effectively in various lighting conditions, a significant consideration for practical application in real-world scenarios.