Silver NPs increase oxidative stress and decrease the anti-oxidation capacity of the antioxidative enzymes in frontal cortex and hippocampus of mice.

Titanium oxide NPs induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, genotoxicity, neurotransmitters dysregulation, disrupted signaling pathways, and plasticity of the synapse.

Iron oxide NPs cause neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and immune cell infiltration have been reported as a side effect of exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles.

Silica causes cognitive dysfunction impairment, synaptic changes, an increase in oxidative stress, and microglial function alteration.

Organic NPs — depending on dose causes inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and accumulation in the frontal cortex.